Articles
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38 results found
Article
CT colonography reporting and data system
CT Colonography Reporting and Data System (C-RADS) is a method for standardizing CT colonography (CTC) reporting. The current revision is 2023 5.
Terminology
A polyp is defined as a homogenous soft tissue attenuation lesion projecting into the colonic lumen with a fixed point of attachment to ...
Article
AAST spleen injury scale
The American Association for the Surgery of Trauma (AAST) splenic injury scale, revised in 2018, is the most widely used grading system for splenic trauma.
The 2018 update incorporates "vascular injury" (i.e. pseudoaneurysm, arteriovenous fistula) into the imaging criteria for visceral injury 4...
Article
Gastric lymph node stations
The gastric lymph node stations were originally divided into 16 groups, as proposed by the Japanese Research Society for Gastric Cancer in 1973.
Gross anatomy
There are three major groups of lymph drainage from the stomach, namely, left gastric, gastroepiploic, and pyloric nodes 4, as shown in...
Article
Autoimmune pancreatitis (diagnostic criteria)
There are several sets of diagnostic criteria for autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP), with some overlap and contradictions.
Several different sets of diagnostic criteria are in use 4.
Asian 2008 AIP diagnostic criteria
both criteria I to be fulfilled
one criterion II
consistent histology
The cr...
Article
Esophageal atresia (classification)
Esophageal atresia is closely related to tracheo-esophageal fistula and can be divided into1:
type A: isolated esophageal atresia (8%)
type B: proximal fistula with distal atresia (1%)
type C: proximal atresia with distal fistula (85%)
type D: double fistula with intervening...
Article
WHO classification of anal margin tumors
The WHO classification of anal margin tumors or perianal skin tumors is:
intraepithelial tumors
Bowen disease (precursor of squamous cell carcinoma)
Paget disease (precursor of adenocarcinoma)
invasive tumors
squamous cell carcinoma
adenocarcinoma
basal cell carcinoma
verrucous carcinom...
Article
Gastric cancer (TNM staging)
Gastric cancer staging is routinely performed using the TNM staging system. This article is based on the 8th edition of the TNM classification of malignant tumors. This is technically the clinical TNM staging (cTNM).
cTNM staging (8th edition)
T
Tx: primary tumor cannot be assessed
T0: no ev...
Article
Montreal classification of inflammatory bowel disease
The Montreal Classification of inflammatory bowel disease is used primarily to classify the severity of ulcerative colitis and Crohn disease based on specific categories.
This can then be used to guide treatment, discern risk of complications as well as facilitate epidemiological studies 1. The...
Article
Balthazar score
The Balthazar score is a subscore within the CT severity index (CTSI) for grading of acute pancreatitis.
The CTSI sums two scores:
Balthazar score: grading of pancreatitis (A-E)
grading the extent of pancreatic necrosis
The Balthazar score was originally used alone, but the addition of a sc...
Article
Glasgow-Blatchford score
The Glasgow-Blatchford score (GBS) is a widely-used and well-validated scoring system for upper GI bleeding and the need for intervention.
Score
The scoring system relies upon knowing the patient's urea, hemoglobin, systolic blood pressure, and several other criteria. Each criterion is scored,...
Article
Bethesda criteria of hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer
The Bethesda criteria are an alternative to the Amsterdam criteria for the clinical diagnosis of hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC).
Diagnosis of HNPCC is made if any of the following criteria are fulfilled:
Amsterdam criteria are met
2 or more HNPCC related malignancies
pa...
Article
Necrotizing enterocolitis (staging)
Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) can be staged into three groups, to guide appropriate treatment based on the work of Bell et al. 1. In general, stage I and II are managed medically whereas stage III is managed surgically.
stage I
clinical signs
lethargy, temperature instability, apnea, bradyc...
Article
Fukuoka consensus guidelines
Fukuoka consensus guidelines, also referred to as the Tanaka criteria, is a classification system for intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms (IPMNs) and mucinous cystic neoplasms (MCNs).
The prior international consensus guidelines (2006) were referred to as the Sendai criteria, which later ...
Article
Limberg score
Limberg score is a semiquantitative color Doppler ultrasound assessment of the bowel wall vascularity in inflammatory bowel disease.
grade 0: normal bowel wall with no thickening (<4 mm), well-delineated mural stratification, no mural flow (no color Doppler signal)
grade 1: wall thickenin...
Article
WHO classification of anal canal tumors
The World Health Organizatiοn classifies anal canal neoplasms into intraepithelial neoplasms and invasive neoplasms which are further divided to epithelial and non-epithelial tumors and secondary lesions:
Epithelial tumors
squamous cell carcinoma of anal canal
adenocarcinoma of anal canal
mu...
Article
Ishikawa classification of venous involvement by pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma
Ishikawa classification system describes the degree of involvement of adjacent portal vein and superior mesenteric vein by pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma based on the caliber of the vein:
type I: normal
type II: smooth shift/displacement with normal caliber
type III: unilateral narrowing...
Article
Ranson criteria
Ranson criteria are useful in assessing prognosis in early acute pancreatitis. The more of the criteria are met the higher the mortality. Ranson criteria are assessed both at admission and at 48 hours.
Criteria
On admission
age: >55 years
white blood count: >16 000/mL
blood glucose level: >...
Article
Hinchey classification of acute diverticulitis
The Hinchey classification for acute diverticulitis (anywhere along the bowel, not just the colon) has been variously adapted and modified since its original description, and is useful not only in academia but also in outlining successive stages of severity 3,5,6. Adoption and utility of the va...
Article
Mucinous neoplasms of the appendix
Mucinous neoplasms of the appendix are epithelial tumors of the appendix that produce mucin. They represent a spectrum of malignant potential, and are the most common cause of pseudomyxoma peritonei.
Pathology
Classification
According to a panel of specialists consensus published in 2016 (Per...
Article
Duplex appendix
Duplex appendix is a rare anomaly of the appendix and is usually discovered incidentally during surgery for appendicitis.
Epidemiology
Duplication of the vermiform appendix is extremely rare. It is found in only 1 in 25,000 patients (incidence ~0.004%) operated on for acute appendicitis. Altho...
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