Articles
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68 results found
Article
Echogenic renal pyramids (differential)
Echogenic renal pyramids in children can be due to many different causes.
Differential diagnosis
Nephrocalcinosis
Iatrogenic (most common cause)
furosemide (frusemide)
vitamin D
steroids
Non-iatrogenic
idiopathic hypercalcemia
Williams syndrome
hyperparathyroidism
m...
Article
Congenital renal anomalies
Congenital renal anomalies comprise of vast spectrum of pathologies and include:
renal agenesis
renal dysgenesis
congenital renal hypoplasia
congenital megacalyectasis
congenital cystic renal disease
infantile polycystic renal disease: autosomal recessive polycystic ki...
Article
Nephrocalcinosis
Nephrocalcinosis, previously known as Anderson-Carr kidney or Albright calcinosis, refers to the deposition of calcium salts in the parenchyma of the kidney. It is divided into several types, with differing etiologies, based on the distribution:
medullary nephrocalcinosis: 95%
cortical nephroc...
Article
Testicular cancer
Testicular cancers are the most common malignancy in men between the ages of 20 and 34 years.
Epidemiology
Testicular cancer is uncommon, accounting for less than 1% of all internal organ malignancies 2.
The commonest histology of the tumor varies with the age of affected individuals. Over 90...
Article
Pear-shaped bladder
Pear-shaped (or teardrop-shaped) bladder is one whose normal round or ovoid shape has been extrinsically compressed to resemble a pear. The pear may be inverted or upright, depending on how the excess pelvic tissue compresses the bladder.
Pathology
Etiology
Causes of a pear-shaped bladder inc...
Article
Hyperreninaemic hypertension (differential)
Hyperreninaemic hypertension may have many causes including:
renal artery stenosis
renal secreting tumor, e.g. renal cell carcinoma, reninoma
renal compression: large renal mass, subcapsular hemorrhage (Page kidney)
Article
Unilateral testicular lesions
The differential diagnosis for unilateral testicular lesions is wide-ranging.
Neoplastic
Common
seminoma (40-50% of testicular malignancies)
non-seminomatous germ cell tumors:
testicular teratoma
testicular epidermoid (teratoma with ectodermal elements only)
testicular choriocarcinoma
t...
Article
Prostatomegaly
Prostatomegaly is a general term used to describe enlargement of the prostate gland from whatever cause. Usually, the prostate is considered enlarged on imaging when its volume measures >30 mL 3.
Terminology
The term prostatomegaly is often used interchangeably with benign prostatic hyperplas...
Article
Paratesticular tumors
A paratesticular mass may derive from a number of structures that surround the testis within the scrotum; most commonly, they derive from the spermatic cord.
Pathology
The masses can be categorized as benign (70%) or malignant (30%).
Etiology
Benign
spermatic cord lipoma (most common parat...
Article
Multiple filling defects of the ureter (differential)
Multiple filling defects within a ureter, as seen on conventional IVU or CT IVU, have a relatively small differential including:
spreading or multifocal transitional cell carcinoma (TCC)
vascular indentations
multiple ureteral stones (steinstrasse)
blood clots
ureteritis cystica
Stevens-Jo...
Article
Chronic primary adrenal insufficiency
Chronic primary adrenal insufficiency has a number of causes. Primary adrenal insufficiency is termed Addison disease.
Pathology
Causes
idiopathic atrophy: autoimmune adrenalitis 1
tuberculosis 1: 25% calcify
fungal disease 1
histioplasmosis
blastomycosis
coccidioidomycosis
AIDS 1
sarc...
Article
Empyema
Empyemas are purulent inflammatory collections within a body cavity. Contrast this with abscesses, which arise within parenchymal tissue, rather than occupying a pre-existing anatomical space.
Terminology
Colloquially, the standalone term empyema is used to refer to thoracic empyemas but there...
Article
Urinary bladder wall or lumen calcification (differential)
Causes of urinary bladder wall or lumen calcification include:
Common
bladder calculus
schistosomiasis of the urinary tract
tuberculosis
Uncommon
neuroblastoma; pheochromocytoma
radiation reaction
alkaptonuria (ochronosis)
amyloidosis
calculus in a urachal cyst or in a bladder divertic...
Article
Intra-abdominal calcification (neonatal)
Intra-abdominal calcification in a neonate can be caused by a number of pathologies that cause calcification within the peritoneal space or within organs.
Pathology
Etiology
Meconium peritonitis
The commonest cause is meconium peritonitis which is the result of aseptic peritonitis secondary ...
Article
Gas in the urinary bladder
There are numerous causes of gas in the urinary bladder. In the hospital setting, by far the most common is the placement of an indwelling urinary catheter. Other causes include 1:
iatrogenic
indwelling urinary catheter is by far the most common cause
cystoscopy, etc.
emphysematous cystitis
...
Article
Adrenal calcification
Adrenal calcification is not a rare finding in healthy asymptomatic people and is usually the result of previous hemorrhage or tuberculosis. Addison disease patients only occasionally develop calcification.
Pathology
Etiology
Hemorrhage
sepsis: Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome
blunt abdomi...
Article
Epididymal calcification
Epididymal calcification can be seen on ultrasound as hyperechoic foci within the epididymal head. If the calcifications are large enough, then they may demonstrate acoustic shadowing.
Differential diagnosis
chronic epididymitis, e.g. bacterial, granulomatous (TB) or genital filariasis
traum...
Article
Right iliac fossa mass (differential)
Right iliac fossa mass is a common clinical presentation and has a range of differentials that need to be excluded. Radiology plays an important role in this differentiation.
Differential diagnosis
appendicular mass
appendicular abscess
appendicular mucocele
appendicular neoplasms
ileoceca...
Article
Solitary filling defect of the ureter (differential)
Solitary filling defect within a ureter, as seen on conventional IVU or CT IVU has some differentials, including:
within the lumen
calculus
sloughed papilla
blood clot
benign polyp
within the wall
transitional cell carcinoma (TCC)
tuberculosis
metastasis
endometriosis
When multiple ...
Article
Congenital anomalies of the male urethra
Congenital anomalies of the male urethra include various anomalies due to complex development of urethra. These anomalies can be isolated or in association with other coexisting anomalies. They can be categorized as following:
urethral agenesis (or atresia)
congenital valves
posterior urethr...
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