Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
58 results found
Article
Glial fibrillary acid protein (GFAP)
Glial fibrillary acid protein (GFAP) is a commonly used target for immunohistochemistry and is positive in many glial cells and tumors of glial origin. GFAP is the building block for intermediate filaments which are abundant in the cytoplasms particularly of astrocytes.
Related pathology
Alex...
Article
Klebsiella
Klebsiella is a genus of Gram-negative, oxidase-negative, rod-shaped bacteria, which is relatively commonly encountered in the healthcare environment. It has numerous species, including K. pneumoniae, K. aerogenes, and K. rhinoscleromatis 1. Klebsiella may cause a range of infections, most commo...
Article
Perivascular pseudorosettes (ependymoma)
Perivascular pseudorosettes are a common histologic feature of central nervous system ependymomas. They represent sections through papillary structures composed of tumor cells arranged radially around a central vessel. Between the central vessel and the tumor cells is a relatively microscopicall...
Article
Gliosis
Gliosis is a reactive process occurring after some time following most types of central nervous system injuries and is the result of focal proliferation of glial cells, particularly astrocytes.
Terminology
Although the terms astrocytic gliosis or astrocytosis are often used interchangeably wi...
Article
Intracranial aneurysm (overview)
Intracranial aneurysms, also called cerebral aneurysms, are aneurysms of the intracranial arteries. The most common morphologic type is the saccular aneurysm.
Pathology
There is not a universal classification for the types of intracranial aneurysms, resulting in a heterogeneous mix of terms ba...
Article
CSF alpha-fetoprotein
Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) in the cerebrospinal spinal fluid (CSF) has been reported as a tumor marker for some intracranial tumors with yolk sac elements, and teratoma 1.
Interpretation
Elevation
intracranial yolk sac tumor
intracranial embryonal carcinoma
congenital CNS tumors with yolk sac ...
Article
John Cunningham virus
John Cunningham virus, also known as human polyomavirus 2, universally known as the JC virus, is a ubiquitous double-stranded DNA virus of the polyomaviridae family 1. In immunocompromised individuals, reactivation can lead to a variety of disease of the central nervous system, the most common o...
Article
Lipoma
Lipomas are benign tumors composed of mature adipocytes. They are the most common soft tissue tumor, seen in ~2% of the population.
Epidemiology
Patients typically present in adulthood (5th-7th decades).
Associations
In some cases, multiple lipomas are associated with syndromes and other di...
Article
Astrocytes
Astrocytes are cells of the central nervous system which act as both physical and physiological support for the neurons that are embedded between them, regulating water movement, facilitating metabolic exchange between neurons and capillaries, as well as responding to mechanical and biochemical ...
Article
Pseudocyst
A pseudocyst is an abnormal fluid-filled cavity which is not lined by epithelium. It is this fact that distinguishes it pathologically from a cyst, which is lined by epithelium.
Examples of pseudocysts include:
adrenal pseudocyst
auricular pseudocyst
intraspinal epidural gas pseudocysts
me...
Article
Alzheimer type II glia
Alzheimer type II glia are a type of glial cell. They are a pathological reactive astrocyte seen in the brain, unrelated to Alzheimer disease. They are seen most frequently in Wilson disease, but also in other systemic metabolic disorders, particularly those with elevated ammonia levels, typical...
Article
Oxygen
Oxygen (chemical symbol O) is one of the basic organic elements, and is a constituent of most of the known organic molecules - and therefore all lifeforms - on earth.
Chemistry
Basic chemistry
Oxygen is a colourless odorless diatomic gas with an atomic number 8 and atomic weight 15.999. It h...
Article
Lipohyalinosis
Lipohyalinosis (also known as fibrinoid necrosis) is a disease affecting the small cerebral arteries associated with lacunar infarction and deep white matter changes related to small vessel chronic ischemia.
Pathology
The histopathological landmarks of lipohyalinosis are irregular fibrosis and...
Article
Ependymal cells
Ependymal cells are one of the four main types of glial cells, and themselves encompass three types of cells 1:
ependymocytes: line the ventricles of the brain and central canal of the spinal cord
tanycytes: line the floor of the third ventricle overlying the median eminence of the hypothalam...
Article
Hartnup disease
Hartnup disease is an autosomal recessive disorder caused by the defective transport of neutral amino acids (monoamino-monocarboxylic acids) in the small intestine and kidneys.
Clinical presentation
pellagra-like skin eruptions
cerebellar ataxia
signs of spastic paraplegia with peripheral ne...
Article
Rosenthal fibers
Rosenthal fibers are astrocytic cytoplasmic inclusions, typically found in areas of longstanding gliosis. These elongated or "corkscrew" structures occur within astrocytic processes and are brightly eosinophilic (stain bright pink on the H&E stain) 1-3. They represent astrocytic processes swolle...
Article
Tissue tropism
Tissue tropism is a phenomenon by which certain host tissues preferentially support the growth and proliferation of pathogens. This concept is central to the radiological evaluation of infectious disease.
Pathology
As infections that display tissue tropism will thrive in certain tissue locati...
Article
Microglia
Microglia is one of the four types of glial cell and are the central nervous system equivalent of monocyte-macrophage system 1,2. During health, they are essentially inactive with small cell bodies and numerous processes extending throughout the local parenchyma 1,2. When presented a condition w...
Article
Flexner-Wintersteiner rosette
The presence of Flexner-Wintersteiner rosette is characteristic for retinoblastoma but is also seen in pineoblastoma and medulloepitheliomas.
Article
Epithelial membrane antigen (EMA)
Epithelial membrane antigen (EMA) also known as CD227, MUC1 or episialin is a cell surface mucin glycoprotein found on many ductal and glandular epithelial cells and some hematopoietic cells.
Usage
It serves as a target in immunohistochemistry where it is a common epithelial marker and express...
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