Articles
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13 results found
Article
Arias-Stella reaction
An Arias-Stella reaction is a common gynecological histological finding in curettage specimens of gestational endometrium describing a non-neoplastic lesion that is easily confused with uterine malignancy 1,2.
Pathology
An Arias-Stella reaction is due to hormonal hyperstimulation causing atypi...
Article
CDKN2A/p16
CDKN2A (cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A) is a tumor suppressor gene that encodes for the p16 protein, involved in the CDK4/6–RB1 cell-cycle pathway 5.
p16 is a widely used immunohistochemical marker indicating expression of the cell cycle protein, which is upregulated by human papillomavi...
Article
Human epididymis protein 4
Human epididymis protein 4 (HE4) is an emerging serum biomarker in the assessment of epithelial ovarian tumors. HE4 is a member of the whey associated protein (WAP) gene cluster and has uncertain biological function 1.
Early results indicate that HE4 has higher sensitivity and specificity than ...
Article
CA 27-29
CA 27-29 is a tumor marker and is a soluble form of glycoprotein MUC1. It may be elevated in patients with breast cancer. Tumors of the colon, stomach, kidney, lung, ovary, pancreas, uterus, and liver may also raise CA 27-29 levels.
Certain non-malignant conditions are also associated with its ...
Article
Hernia (general)
Hernias (or herniae) are a common pathological entity, in which an anatomical structure passes into an abnormal location via an opening.
The opening may be a normal physiological aperture (e.g. hiatus hernia: stomach passes through the diaphragmatic esophageal hiatus) or pathological. Iatrogeni...
Article
CA-125
CA-125 is a high-molecular-weight glycoprotein found on the surface of Müllerian and celomic epithelial-derived cell types and is the best-known tumor marker for epithelial ovarian cancer 6. Importantly, it may also be elevated in several other conditions (see differential diagnosis section belo...
Article
WHO histological classification of tumors of the uterine cervix
The WHO histological classification is a detailed classification of tumors of the uterine cervix.
epithelial tumors
squamous tumors and precursors
squamous cell carcinoma, not otherwise specified - 8070/3
keratinizing - 8071/3
non-keratinizing - 8072/3
basaloid - 8083/3
verrucous - 8051/3...
Article
Fistula
A fistula (plural: fistulae or fistulas) is an abnormal connection between two epithelial surfaces such as between hollow organs, skin or vessels. Conventionally, the name of a specific fistula type is a combination of the two organs. For discussions of specific fistulae please refer to individu...
Article
Adenocarcinoma (endometrium)
Endometrial adenocarcinoma (EAC) is the commonest histological subtype of endometrial cancer and accounts for up to 90% of such cases 1.
Pathology
Histological subtypes
endometrioid carcinoma
serous adenocarcinoma of the endometrium
clear cell adenocarcinoma of the endometrium
mixed adeno...
Article
Endometrial osseous metaplasia
Endometrial osseous metaplasia is a very rare pathological condition whereby there may be mature bone formation within the endometrium. This process may be a cause of menorrhagia and/or infertility.
Differential diagnosis
The common diagnostic mimics are iatrogenic endometrial gaseous foci (us...
Article
Synechiae
Synechiae (singular: synechia, alternative plural: synechias) are another term for adhesions, which in radiological contexts usually relates to bands of scar tissue between structures, e.g. within the abdominal cavity or pleural cavity or within the uterus.
Pathology
Synechia can be found thro...
Article
Psammoma bodies
Psammoma bodies are round microscopic calcific collections. It is a form of dystrophic calcification. Necrotic cells form the focus for surrounding calcific deposition. They have a lamellated concentric calcified structure, sometimes large enough to be seen on CT.
Psammoma bodies are found in ...
Article
Ahumada-Del Castillo syndrome
Ahumada-Del Castillo syndrome is a rare endocrine disorder affecting adult females, which is characterized by galactorrhea-amenorrhea not associated with pregnancy with estrogen deficiency and decreased urinary gonadotropin levels.
Clinical presentation
lactation not associated with breastfeed...
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