Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
27 results found
Article
Lipoma
Lipomas are benign tumors composed of mature adipocytes. They are the most common soft tissue tumor, seen in ~2% of the population.
Epidemiology
Patients typically present in adulthood (5th-7th decades).
Associations
In some cases, multiple lipomas are associated with syndromes and other di...
Article
Edema
Edema is the accumulation of fluid in tissues. It is caused by an imbalance between forces holding fluids in the vasculature and tissues 1. Fluids are normally held in a steady state between tissues and vasculature by homeostasis between these forces (Starling equation) 2:
capillary hydrostatic...
Article
Marjolin ulcer
Marjolin ulcers reflect malignant degeneration within pre-existing scars or areas of chronic inflammation such as burns or venous ulcers.
Epidemiology
Incidence is around 1-2% from all burn scars 1,2. The average latency period between initial injury to malignant transformation is 30-35 years....
Article
Polyostotic
Polyostotic, less commonly polystotic, is a term used to describe a condition involving multiple bones.
Examples of conditions that can be polyostotic include Paget disease of the bone, fibrous dysplasia and melorheostosis.
See also
monostotic
monomelic
Article
Monostotic
Monostotic is typically used to refer to a condition that involves only one bone. Examples of conditions that can be monostotic include fibrous dysplasia and melorheostosis.
See also
polyostotic
monomelic
Article
Panniculitis
Panniculitis (plural: panniculitides 1) is a non-specific histopathological term referring to inflammation of adipose tissue. It most commonly affects subcutaneous fat, although internal forms, e.g., mesenteric panniculitis, are well-known 1,2.
Clinical presentation
Most panniculitides present...
Article
Vitamin D deficiency (overview)
Vitamin D deficiency (also known as hypovitaminosis D) is common, and untreated, may result in serious sequelae. Traditionally its pathological manifestations have been regarded through the lens of skeletal maturity:
rickets in children
osteomalacia in adults
However it has become increasingl...
Article
Monomelic
Monomelic is typically used to refer to a condition that is confined to only one limb. Examples of conditions that can be monomelic include fibrous dysplasia and melorheostosis.
See also
monostotic
polyostotic
monomelic
Article
Metastatic axillary lymphadenopathy of unknown primary
Metastatic axillary lymphadenopathy of unknown primary can be a very challenging situation.
Pathology
Usual potential sites include:
occult breast cancer: the incidence of an axillary lymph node manifestation from an occult primary breast cancer is low, ranging from 0.3-0.8% of all patients ...
Article
Vitamin D
Vitamin D (calciferol) is used to describe a group of five fat-soluble secosteroid vitamins required for the homeostasis of serum calcium and phosphorus. Vitamin D exists in two main forms (vitamers) in humans: ergocalciferol (vitamin D2) and cholecalciferol (vitamin D3).
Vitamin D3 acts by re...
Article
Skeletal muscle
Skeletal muscles, skeletal striated muscles or plainly muscles are integral to the locomotor system responsible for movements. The human body's musculoskeletal system has more than 600 muscles 1 making up around 40% of the body weight. They are heterogeneous and have different architectures and ...
Article
Langerhans cell
Langerhans cells are dendritic cells of monocyte-macrophage lineage, containing large granules called Birbeck granules. They are normally found in epithelial surfaces, lymph nodes and other organs, and can also be found elsewhere, particularly in association with Langerhans cell histiocytosis.
...
Article
Epidermal inclusion cyst
Epidermal inclusion cysts or epidermal cysts are common cutaneous lesions that represent proliferation of squamous epithelium within a confined space in the dermis or subdermis.
Terminology
These are occasionally termed sebaceous cysts, although this is a misnomer as the lesion does not origin...
Article
Creatine kinase
Creatine kinase (CK), also known as creatine phosphokinase (CPK), is a key enzyme, for energy production in mitochondria and muscle tissues. It is important as a diagnostic assay in clinical practice, primarily because inflamed/injured muscle releases creatine kinase into the circulation 1.
Phy...
Article
Hernia (general)
Hernias (or herniae) are a common pathological entity, in which an anatomical structure passes into an abnormal location via an opening.
The opening may be a normal physiological aperture (e.g. hiatus hernia: stomach passes through the diaphragmatic esophageal hiatus) or pathological. Iatrogeni...
Article
Rheumatoid factor
Rheumatoid factor (RF) is an immunoglobulin initially described in association with rheumatoid arthritis. It is an IgM antibody against the FC portion of the IgG antibodies. Ongoing research has identified a group of related immunoglobulins, classed as rheumatoid factors (RFs) and despite extens...
Article
Aseptic lymphocyte-dominant vasculitis-associated lesion (ALVAL)
Aseptic lymphocyte-dominant vasculitis-associated lesion (ALVAL) is a histological entity denoting a chronic inflammatory response to metal particles (cobalt and chromium ions) from a metal-on-metal prosthesis. The finding falls on the spectrum of adverse reactions to metal debris.
Pathology
I...
Article
Fracture healing
Fracture healing occurs naturally after traumatic bony disruption. This process begins with hemorrhage and progresses through three stages:
inflammatory
reparative
remodeling
This process can be supported by various treatment options with immobilization a mainstay; inappropriate treatment ma...
Article
Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody
Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCAs) are a heterogenous class of IgG autoantibodies raised against the cellular contents of neutrophils, monocytes and endothelial cells 1. Under indirect immunofluorescence (IIF) microscopy, three ANCA staining patterns are observed, based on the varying...
Article
Eburnation
Eburnation describes the appearance of bone following a degenerative process in which subchondral or otherwise exposed bone acquires a non-anatomical sclerotic, microimpacted, and "polished" articular surface.
This phenomenon typically arises in one of two situations:
hypertrophic non-union of...
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