Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
17 results found
Article
Testicular cancer (staging)
The staging for testicular tumors is performed according to the TNM system with staging groupings. It can be remembered in its abbreviated form as:
stage I: confined to testis, epididymis, spermatic cord, scrotum
stage II: lymph nodes involved but no distant metastases and serum tumor markers...
Article
Wilms tumor (staging)
Wilms tumor staging is largely anatomical and relates to the invasion and spread of the tumor. Where there is invasion or metastasis, prognosis is poorer. Wilms tumor is one of the more common childhood malignancies.
stage I
confined to kidney
complete resection possible
stage II
local spre...
Article
Transitional cell carcinoma (staging)
Staging of transitional cell carcinomas of the urinary tract vary according to the location of the tumor, and are staged using the TNM staging system.
transitional cell carcinoma of the renal pelvis
transitional cell carcinoma of the ureter
transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder
Article
Transitional cell carcinoma of the renal pelvis (staging)
Transitional cell carcinoma of the renal pelvis staging uses the TNM system and is very similar to staging of TCC of the bladder and to staging of TCC of the ureter.
TNM staging (8th edition)
T
Ta: noninvasive papillary tumor
Tis: in situ (noninvasive flat)
T1: through lamina propria into s...
Article
Transitional cell carcinoma of the ureter (staging)
Transitional cell carcinoma of the ureter staging uses the TNM system and is very similar to staging of TCC of the bladder and to staging of TCC of the renal pelvis.
TNM staging (8th edition)
T
Ta: noninvasive papillary tumor
Tis: in situ (noninvasive flat)
T1: through lamina propria into ...
Article
Jewett-Strong-Marshall tumor staging system
Jewett-Strong-Marshall tumor staging system for bladder cancer is of historic interest only and has been superseded by the TNM staging system.
stage 0: epithelial
stage A: submucosal invasion but no involvement of muscle i.e. lamina propria
stage B: bladder wall or muscle invasion
B1: superf...
Article
Cervical cancer (staging)
Staging of cervical cancer can either be based on the TNM or FIGO system.
Classification
Revised FIGO staging of cervical carcinoma (2018)
FIGO no longer includes stage 0 (Tis)
I: confined to cervix uteri (extension to the corpus should be disregarded)
IA: invasive carcinoma only diagnosed ...
Article
Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (staging)
Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) (also known as cervical dysplasia) is the potentailly premalignant stage in the dysplastic changes in the squamous epithelium of the cervix.
Grading of CIN is based on the degree of dysplasia seen in a sample of cervical tissue:
CIN I
similar to condy...
Article
Transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder (staging)
Transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder staging uses the TNM system which has replaced the previously widely used Jewett-Strong-Marshall tumor staging system. It is very similar to the staging of TCC of the renal pelvis and staging of TCC of the ureter.
TNM staging (8th edition)
T
Ta: non-...
Article
Robson staging system of renal cell carcinoma
Robson staging of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is simple but has largely been replaced by the TNM system (see renal cell cancer staging article). Robson staging revolves around the relationship to Gerota's fascia, involvement of renal vein and regional nodes.
stage I: limited to kidney
stage II:...
Article
Primary urethral cancer (staging)
Primary urethral cancer staging often uses the TNM system and is as follows:
TNM staging
Primary tumor staging (T)
Tx: primary tumor cannot be assessed
T0: no evidence of primary tumor
Tis: carcinoma in situ
Ta: non-invasive papillary, polypoid, or verrucous carcinoma
T1: invasion of sube...
Article
Prostate cancer (staging)
Prostate cancer staging takes into account a TNM staging system (primary site, nodal and distant metastases), pretreatment PSA and histological grading. The Gleason score is used to determine the Grade Group.
A superseded staging system is the Whitmore-Jewett staging system.
Additionally, the...
Article
Squamous cell carcinoma of the penis (staging)
Squamous cell carcinoma of the penis arises most commonly at the distal end of the penile urethra with local invasion of the glans.
In addition to TNM classification, the following staging is used:
Staging
stage I: confined to the glans or foreskin
stage II: invasion of penile shaft
stage I...
Article
Gleason score
The histological grading of prostate cancer has undergone many revisions, and for many years the primary system was the Gleason score, itself derived from the Gleason grade. In 2014, the Grade Group was introduced, and care must be taken to not confuse this with the Gleason grade.
The Gleason g...
Article
Renal cell carcinoma (TNM staging)
The TNM system may be used for staging of renal cell carcinoma. An older but still widely used system for staging of renal cell carcinoma in some practices is the Robson staging system.
TNM staging (8th edition)
Primary tumor staging (T)
Tx: tumor cannot be assessed
T0: tumor not seen
T1
T...
Article
Neuroblastoma (staging)
There are two methods of neuroblastoma staging; the International Neuroblastoma Risk Group Staging System (INRGSS, based on imaging of pre-treatment patients), and the International Neuroblastoma Staging System (INSS, based on the outcomes of surgery).
International Neuroblastoma Risk Group St...
Article
Endometrial carcinoma (staging)
Endometrial carcinoma staging allows appropriate treatment options to be considered and enables greater prognostic accuracy for endometrial carcinoma.
Staging
Staging can be based on the TNM or FIGO system.
MR imaging is the modality of choice for staging with CT having relatively low speci...
Unable to process the form. Check for errors and try again.