Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
29 results found
Article
Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease
Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) disease, also known as hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy (HMSN), refers to a heterogeneous group of inherited peripheral neuropathies rather than a single clinical entity 9.
Epidemiology
The prevalence of CMT in one Norwegian study was 82.3 cases per 100,000 peo...
Article
Brown-Séquard syndrome
Brown-Séquard syndrome, also known as hemicord syndrome, is the result of damage to, or impairment of, the left or right side of the spinal cord. It is characterized by a characteristic pattern of motor and sensory deficits that are determined by the decussation pattern of various white matter t...
Article
White cord syndrome
White cord syndrome refers to the sudden onset of neurological deterioration following spinal decompressive surgery. The condition is believed to be a form of reperfusion injury of the spinal cord, not to be confused with central cord syndrome.
Epidemiology
White cord syndrome is rare with onl...
Article
Failed back syndrome
Failed back syndrome refers to persistent leg and/or lumbar back pain after a surgical procedure. The pathophysiology of this syndrome is complex, as often the operation was technically successful.
Terminology
Other names for failed back syndrome include failed back surgery syndrome, post-lam...
Article
Caudal regression syndrome
Caudal regression syndrome represents a spectrum of structural defects of the caudal region. Malformations vary from isolated partial agenesis of the coccyx to lumbosacral agenesis.
Epidemiology
Caudal regression syndrome is rare, with an estimated incidence of 1:7500-100,000 7,10.
The vast m...
Article
Acute spinal cord ischemia syndrome
Acute spinal cord ischemia syndrome is uncommon, but usually presents with profound neurological signs and symptoms, and the prognosis is poor.
Epidemiology
Acute spinal cord ischemia syndrome represents only 5-8% of acute myelopathies 4,5 and <1% of all strokes 7. The demographic of affected...
Article
Jarcho-Levin syndrome
Jarcho-Levin syndrome, or spondylothoracic dysostosis, is a rare genetic disorder.
Terminology
Previously, spondylocostal dysostosis was considered part of the Jarcho-Levin syndrome spectrum.
Epidemiology
The exact prevalence of this disease is unknown.
Clinical presentation
It is primaril...
Article
Klippel-Feil syndrome
Klippel-Feil syndrome is a complex heterogeneous entity that results in cervical vertebral fusion. Two or more non-segmented cervical vertebrae are usually sufficient for diagnosis.
Epidemiology
There is a recognized female predilection 1. Klippel-Feil syndrome has an incidence of 1:40,000-42,...
Article
Grisel syndrome
Grisel syndrome is a rare cause of torticollis that involves subluxation of atlanto-axial joint from inflammatory ligamentous laxity following an infectious process in the head and neck, usually a retropharyngeal abscess.
Epidemiology
It usually occurs in infants or young children.
Clinical p...
Article
Middle clunal nerve entrapment
Middle clunal nerve entrapment is a potential cause of low back pain. The middle clunal nerves travel beneath the long posterior sacroiliac ligament and this is a potential space for nerve entrapment 1.
Clinical presentation
Low back pain and leg pain can be caused by entrapment of these nerve...
Article
Autonomic dysreflexia
Autonomic dysreflexia (AD) is a life-threatening condition prevalent amongst patients with high spinal cord injury (SCI) and may occur any time after injury. It is a syndrome characterized by an exaggerated reflex increase in blood pressure, usually accompanied by bradycardia in response to a st...
Article
Camptocormia
Camptocormia, also known as bent spine syndrome or cyphose hystérique, is a rare syndrome characterized by involuntary flexion of the thoracolumbar spine with weight-bearing which reduces when lying down, and is due to isolated atrophy of the paraspinal muscles.
Epidemiology
In a small case se...
Article
Lateral meningocele syndrome
Lateral meningocele syndrome is an extremely rare hereditary connective tissue disorder characterized by multiple lateral lumbar meningoceles, distinctive facial features, joint hypermobility, hypotonia, skeletal abnormalities, congenital cardiovascular malformations, urogenital anomalies and ne...
Article
Acrodysotosis
Acrodysotosis, also known as Arkless-Graham syndrome, Maroteaux-Malamut syndrome or acrodysplasia, is a rare genetic disorder affecting bone growth.
Epidemiology
The true incidence is not known. There is no known gender predilection. The condition is often detected in early childhood.
Clinica...
Article
Posterior spinal artery syndrome
Posterior spinal artery syndrome is a rare syndrome associated occlusion of the posterior spinal artery and results in a unilateral dorsal cord syndrome (since the posterior arteries are paired) 3.
The syndrome is clinically characterized by isolated loss of proprioception and vibratory sensat...
Article
Clasp-knife deformity
Clasp-knife deformity is relatively common congenital anomaly found at the lumbosacral junction.
Terminology
When a clasp-knife deformity is accompanied by pain on extension secondary to protrusion of the enlarged spinous process (knife blade) into the sacral spinal canal, it is called clasp-k...
Article
Crowned dens syndrome
Crowned dens syndrome is an inflammatory condition resulting from crystal deposition in the cruciform and alar ligaments surrounding the dens, appearing as a radiopaque "crown" surrounding the top of the dens. It typically presents with pain and increased inflammatory markers.
Terminology
The...
Article
Ventral cord syndrome
Ventral cord syndrome (also known as anterior cord syndrome) is one of the incomplete cord syndromes and affects the anterior parts of the cord resulting in a pattern of neurological dysfunction dominated by motor paralysis and loss of pain, temperature and autonomic function. Anterior spinal ar...
Article
Central cord syndrome
Central cord syndrome is the most common type of incomplete spinal cord syndrome, usually, the result of trauma, accounting for ~10% of all spinal cord injuries. As the name implies, this syndrome is the result of damage to the central portion spinal cord and in the setting of trauma most common...
Article
Flat back syndrome
Flat back syndrome (FBS) refers to the decrease or absence of the normal lumbar lordosis resulting primarily in chronic lumbar pain.
Terminology
Flat back syndrome is a different condition from straight back syndrome and the two should not be confused or conflated.
Clinical presentation
Mos...
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