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Articles

Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.

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Pseudoaneurysm of the mitral aortic intervalvular fibrosa

Pseudoaneurysm of the mitral aortic intervalvular fibrosa (p-MAIVF) refers to a pseudoaneurysm in the region of the avascular fibrous tissue between the mitral and aortic valves (i.e. the mitral-aortic intervalvular fibrosa (MAIVF)). Pathology Etiology They may rarely occur as a result of inf...

Stent graft–induced new entry tear

A stent graft–induced new entry (SINE) tear refers to a new tear within an existing dissection flap caused by a stent graft placement. It excludes those arising from natural disease progression or iatrogenic injury from the endovascular manipulation. It is a potential complication from a thoraci...

Limited intimal tear

Limited intimal tears (LIT) of the aorta or limited aortic intimal tears are subtle localized tears of the aortic intima without tear extension and represent an uncommon form of aortic dissection that can manifest as acute aortic syndrome 1-5. Epidemiology Limited intimal tears are uncommon an...

Aortoesophageal fistula

Aortoesophageal (aorto-esophageal) fistulae are pathologic communications between the aorta and esophagus and result in life-threatening upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage. They are fatal in the absence of prompt management. Epidemiology Aortoesophageal fistulas are a rare entity that accounts...

Inferior vena cava obstruction

Inferior vena cava obstruction, also known as inferior vena cava syndrome, refers to the clinical manifestations occurring as a result of any blockage in the inferior vena cava. It can occur due to external compression, thrombosis of inferior vena cava or iatrogenic placement of filters 1. Certa...

Round ligament varicosities

Round ligament varicosities are dilated and tortuous veins in the round ligament, these are rare although most commonly seen during pregnancy and the postpartum period. They constitute an important differential diagnosis for inguinal masses as to avoid unnecessary surgery and associated complica...

Vasa vasorum

The vasa vasorum represents the supporting microvasculature of the larger caliber arteries and veins of the body. Gross anatomy The vasa vasorum has two subtypes in humans 2,3: arterial vasa vasorum: arises from various arteries based on anatomical location (e.g. intercostal arteries for desc...

Sheehan vessels

Sheehan vessels refer to vessels that arise from neovascularity that develops due to pulmonary hypertension, particularly, but not exclusively, in the context of Eisenmenger syndrome. Pathology The exact pathogenesis of Sheehan vessels has not been fully elucidated, but it is felt that neovasc...

Clot meniscus sign (angiography)

The clot meniscus sign, or simply the meniscus sign, is a radiological sign appreciated on digital subtraction angiography in the setting of endovascular clot retrieval for acute ischemic stroke caused by large vessel occlusion. The sign describes the angiographic appearance of the proximal occ...

Prominent vessel sign

The prominent vessel sign, or prominent hypointense vessel sign, is a radiological sign appreciated on susceptibility weighted imaging (SWI) that is described most commonly in patients with acute ischemic stroke. The sign describes hypointense blooming artifact seen on SWI brain MRI within mult...

Capillary blush (cerebral)

Capillary blush (or angiographic blush), arteriovenous shunting and early venous filling are terms variably used in digital subtraction cerebral angiography following reperfusion of thromboembolic ischemic stroke to denote the appearance of the reperfused tissue. They are related to each other a...

Hypodense vessel sign

The hypodense vessel sign, or hypodense artery sign, is a radiological sign appreciated on non-contrast CT brain in acute ischemic stroke due to the rare entity of fat macroembolism causing large vessel occlusion. Notably, this is a distinct sign to the hyperdense vessel sign. The sign describe...

Hyperdense vessel sign

The hyperdense vessel sign is a radiological sign appreciated on non-contrast CT brain whereby there is focal hyperattenuation (mean of approximately 55 HU) within an intracranial blood vessel 1,2. Notably, this is a distinct sign to the hypodense vessel sign. The hyperdense vessel sign is ofte...

Susceptibility vessel sign

The susceptibility vessel sign is a radiological sign appreciated on susceptibility-sensitive MRI brain sequences that is described in patients with acute ischemic stroke. It correlates well with the hyperdense vessel sign (e.g. hyperdense MCA sign) that may be seen on CT brain, but is considere...

Medium vessel occlusion

Medium vessel occlusion (MeVO), also termed distal medium vessel occlusion (DMVO), describes occlusion of a medium-sized intracranial artery resulting in impending acute ischemic stroke. Definition One consensus definition of ‘medium vessel’ suggests intracranial arteries with a luminal diamet...

Large vessel occlusion

Large vessel occlusion (LVO), also termed proximal large vessel occlusion (PLVO), describes occlusion of a proximal and large-sized intracranial artery resulting in impending acute ischemic stroke. The definition of large vessel occlusion varies significantly among clinical trials of endovascula...

Vertebrovenous fistula

Vertebrovenous fistulas are uncommon arteriovenous fistulas between the vertebral artery and the adjacent vertebral venous plexus 1. They can present with a variety of symptoms, including bruits and neurological symptoms and occur either spontaneously, typically in patients with connective tissu...

Anomalous right coronary artery from the pulmonary artery

Anomalous right coronary artery from the pulmonary artery (ARCAPA), is a rare congenital coronary artery anomaly and is considered one of the most severe of such anomalies. Epidemiology This abnormality only accounts for less than 0.1% of all congenital cardiac anomalies 1 and is up to four ti...

Soft tissue

Soft tissue is a term used for all the supporting tissues in the body that are not calcified or ossified; therefore soft tissue excludes bone and teeth. Soft tissue includes: skin fat muscle tendons ligaments fibrous tissues vasculature Soft tissue generally excludes the internal body o...

Posterior communicating artery duplication

Posterior communicating artery duplication is a rare variation of the posterior communicating artery, which connects the posterior cerebral artery circulation to the internal carotid artery. Epidemiology Duplication has an estimated incidence of 3% 1. Gross anatomy Duplication is said to occ...

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