Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
620 results found
Article
Urethral diverticulum
Urethral diverticula, or urethroceles, are focal outpouchings of the urethra. They should not be confused with a ureterocele of the distal ureter.
Epidemiology
Urethral diverticula occur far more frequently in women than in men and are estimated to occur in 1-6% of women, especially those with...
Article
Ovary
The ovaries (TA: ovarium 9) are paired female gonads of the reproductive and endocrine systems. They lie within the ovarian fossa on the posterior wall of the true pelvis and form part of the adnexa.
Gross anatomy
The ovaries are firm and ovoid in shape and measure approximately 1.5-3.0 cm × ...
Article
T-shaped uterus
T-shaped uterus refers to a specific radiographic appearance of the endometrial cavity.
Pathology
It is the most commonly associated abnormality from in utero diethylstilbestrol (DES) exposure, seen in 31% of exposed women. It is classified as a class VII Müllerian duct anomaly.
Background
D...
Article
Perivascular epithelioid cell tumors (PEComas)
Perivascular epithelioid cells tumors (PEComas) are a group of related mesenchymal tumors and tumor-like conditions found in many locations. This group includes:
angiomyolipoma (AML)
clear cell "sugar" tumor of the lung
lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM)
clear cell myomelanocytic tumor (CCMMT)
...
Article
Cesarean section
Cesarean section (also known as C-section, CS and C/S) is the most frequently done major abdominal surgery in females, performed to deliver a baby as an alternative to normal vaginal delivery 1.
Surgical technique
Many forms of cesarean section have been described, but the most popular variat...
Article
Endocervical microcalcifications
Endocervical microcalcifications can often be an incidental finding and may represent part of the same spectrum of endometrial microcalcifications. They are generally favored benign 1.
They may be seen as tiny echogenic foci in the endocervical region on ultrasound.
See also
endocervical osse...
Article
Germ cell tumors of the ovary
Germ cell tumors of the ovary account for approximately 15-20% of all ovarian tumors. In children and adolescents, up to 60% of ovarian tumors can be of germ cell origin.
They include:
ovarian teratoma(s): commonest primary benign tumor of ovary and commonest germ cell tumor:
mature (cystic) ...
Article
Endometrial microcalcifications
Endometrial microcalcifications can arise from a vast range pathologies but are usually of benign in etiology. They can also occur in the endocervical region (see - endocervical microcalcifications 1)
Epidemiology
They have an increased incidence with older age, postmenopausal state, atrophic ...
Article
Endometrial thickness
Endometrial thickness is a commonly measured parameter on routine gynecological ultrasound and MRI. The appearance, as well as the thickness of the endometrium, will depend on whether the patient is of reproductive age or postmenopausal and, if of reproductive age, at what point in the menstrual...
Article
Incarcerated uterus
An incarcerated uterus or trapped uterus describes an uncommon situation where a retroverted or retroflexed gravid uterus fails to ascend into the abdominal cavity.
Epidemiology
This is an uncommon presentation and is said to occur in 1 in 3000 pregnancies 1. Uncomplicated retroversion may be ...
Article
Ring of fire sign (adnexa)
The ring of fire sign, also known as ring of vascularity, signifies a hypervascular lesion with peripheral vascularity on color or pulsed Doppler examination of the adnexa due to low impedance high diastolic flow 1.
This sign can be seen in:
corpus luteum cyst (more commonly)
ectopic pregnancy
Article
Proboscis
Proboscis is a rare congenital anomaly where an anterior appendage-like structure is seen projecting from the midline fetal face/forehead. Depending on the exact location, this has further been classified into various subtypes (e.g. interorbital proboscis).
Pathology
Associations
The presence...
Article
Robinow syndrome
Robinow syndrome is a rare heterogeneous genetic disorder with at least two distinct forms.
Terminology
Fetal face syndrome and Robinow-Silverman syndrome are the other synonyms for this genetic disorder. Formerly it was known as costovertebral segmentation defect with mesomelia 8.
Epidemiolo...
Article
Retained products of conception
Retained products of conception (RPOC) refer to the persistence of placental and/or fetal tissue in the uterus following delivery, termination of pregnancy or a miscarriage.
Epidemiology
RPOC complicates ~2.5% (range 1-5%) of all routine vaginal deliveries 12.
According to one prospective st...
Article
Pulmonary hypoplasia
Pulmonary hypoplasia refers to underdevelopment of one or both lungs. This can be rapidly fatal at birth or mild, escaping detection for decades. It is most often secondary to congenital abnormalities that either restrict intrathoracic space or alter pulmonary fluid dynamics.
Epidemiology
Pulm...
Article
Sea anemone sign
The sea anemone sign is a unique (but not wholly exclusive) appearance seen in ovarian serous surface papillary borderline tumors (SSPBT). It refers to its surface stroma frequently branches into exophytic papillary stalks, macroscopically 1.
Radiographic features
On cross-sectional imaging, p...
Article
McKusick Kaufman syndrome
McKusick Kaufman syndrome (MKS) is an autosomal recessive multiple malformation syndrome primarily characterized by
hydrometrocolpos - vaginal atresia
post-axial polydactyly
congenital heart disease
Article
Congenital utero-vaginal anomalies
There are many classification systems for congenital utero-vaginal anomalies. These include:
Buttram and Gibbons classification 2
American Fertility Society (AFS) classification
Modified Rock and Adam - AFS classification
Modified Rock and Adam - AFS classification
This classification divid...
Article
Intrauterine contraceptive device
Intrauterine contraceptive devices (IUCD) (also known as intrauterine devices (IUD) and colloquially commonly as the coil) are one of the most frequently used methods of contraception throughout the world. It prevents pregnancy by:
thinning the endometrial lining
preventing sperm motility
pre...
Article
Isthmus (disambiguation)
Isthmus (plural: isthmi) is an anatomical term and refers to a slender structure joining two larger components. Some of these uses of the word isthmus are now rarely used or only seen in older texts and articles:
isthmus (aorta)
isthmus (auditory tube)
isthmus (auricle of the ear)
isthmus (c...
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