Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
321 results found
Article
Myocardial necrosis
Myocardial necrosis refers to the cell death of cardiomyocytes and represents one pathologic correlate in the setting of myocardial injury and/or myocardial infarction.
Clinical presentation
Many clinical scenarios leading to myocardial necrosis will lead to some form of cardiac symptoms such ...
Article
Vitamin C
Vitamin C (L-ascorbic acid) is a water soluble vitamin that is a coenzyme for the formation of the structure protein collagen, particularly creating cross-linking of collagen fibers which greatly increases its tensile strength. It also acts as an antioxidant. Vitamin C is one of the hematinics.
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Article
Acanthosis nigricans
Acanthosis nigricans is a cutaneous disorder characterized by symmetric hyperpigmented velvety plaques on the neck, axillae, antecubital and popliteal fossae, inframammary, and groin areas. It is associated with acquired lipodystrophy.
Pathology
The benign form of acanthosis nigricans is assoc...
Article
Zoonosis
A zoonosis (plural: zoonoses), also known as a zoonotic disease, is an infectious disease in humans (the host) for which another vertebrate animal can be the vector. Some zoonoses have an additional vector besides the vertebrate e.g. R. rickettsii is carried by ticks on mammals. Viruses, bacteri...
Article
Endometrial osseous metaplasia
Endometrial osseous metaplasia is a very rare pathological condition whereby there may be mature bone formation within the endometrium. This process may be a cause of menorrhagia and/or infertility.
Differential diagnosis
The common diagnostic mimics are iatrogenic endometrial gaseous foci (us...
Article
Pleomorphic adenoma of the salivary glands
Pleomorphic adenomas of the salivary glands, also known as benign mixed tumors (see below), are the most common salivary gland tumors. The salivary glands are the most common site of pleomorphic adenomas.
On imaging, they commonly present as well-circumscribed rounded masses, most commonly loca...
Article
CEA
Serum CEA (carcinoembryonic antigen) is a cell-adhesive glycoprotein that was discovered in colorectal cancer in 1965, and is hence one of the oldest and most used tumor markers. Its name derives from its normal expression in fetoembryonic liver, gut and pancreas tissue.
Normal range of CEA is ...
Article
Synechiae
Synechiae (singular: synechia, alternative plural: synechias) are another term for adhesions, which in radiological contexts usually relates to bands of scar tissue between structures, e.g. within the abdominal cavity or pleural cavity or within the uterus.
Pathology
Synechia can be found thro...
Article
Cell block cytology
Cell block cytology is a technique used in cytopathology (in addition to smears) for evaluation of tissue from fine needle aspirations (FNA) or fluid aspirations.
Multiple different protocols exist for processing a cell block, but the fundamental principles are the same:
fragmentary bits of ti...
Article
Gene expression classifier
A gene expression classifier (GEC) test is a developing technology in the analysis of indeterminate thyroid nodules, using cells from a fine needle aspiration. The most common commercially available GEC in the United States is known as AFIRMA.
The test is designed to use molecular markers to he...
Article
Thyroid transcription factor 1
Thyroid transcription factor 1 (TTF1) refers to a homeodomain-containing nuclear transcription factor that belongs to the Nkx2 gene family encoded by a gene located on chromosome 14q13.
It is expressed in the forebrain, thyroid and lung tissues. The presence of TTF-1 protein on a tissue sample ...
Article
Hamartoma
A hamartoma (plural: hamartomas or hamartomata) is a benign tumor-like malformation that consists of a collection of architecturally disorganized cells located in an area of the body where the cells are normally found. It is often due to abnormal development.
In radiology, hamartomas often mimi...
Article
Microcephaly with a simplified gyral pattern
Microcephaly with a simplified gyral pattern (MSG) is a congenital malformation characterized by microcephaly accompanied by a simplified gyral pattern. The term “simplified gyral pattern” often describes a reduced number of gyri and shallow sulci with a normal cortical thickness and architectur...
Article
Bone grafting of reverse Hill-Sachs defects
Bone grafting of reverse Hill-Sachs defect is the surgical restoration of the humeral head due to compromised shoulder stability from large defects, which in patients without significant glenoid bone loss who have good bone stock, preserved articular cartilage, and humeral head defect between 20...
Article
Perianal genital warts
Perianal genital warts, also known as condyloma acuminata (singular: condyloma acuminatum), are a complication of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. They are diagnosed clinically and are usually painless and benign, but can rarely undergo malignant transformation into squamous cell carcinoma....
Article
TP53 (gene)
The TP53 gene, located on chromosome 17, is a tumor suppressor gene, responsible for the production of the p53 protein, a transcription regulatory protein which works in concert with a number of other proteins, together forming the p53 pathway 1,2.
Inherited mutations in this gene result in the...
Article
Von Brunn nests of the bladder
Von Brunn nests are non-neoplastic reactive urothelial lesions that occur in the bladder. They represent clusters of urothelial cells found in the superficial lamina propria resulting from the invagination of the superficial urothelium.
Histologically, those nests generally show uniform size a...
Article
DNA-methylation
DNA-methylation is an epigenetic modification of DNA by the addition of methyl groups (-CH3) which in turn results in changes to numerous processes including how genes are expressed.
The specific pattern of methylation is specific to different tissues, can change over time depending on physiol...
Article
Chemical element
There are now 118 confirmed chemical elements in the periodic table. A chemical element describes atoms which share the same specific number of protons in their nucleus (atomic number or Z). For example, all atoms of carbon, regardless of their number of electrons (determines ionization) or neut...
Article
Psammoma bodies
Psammoma bodies are round microscopic calcific collections. It is a form of dystrophic calcification. Necrotic cells form the focus for surrounding calcific deposition. They have a lamellated concentric calcified structure, sometimes large enough to be seen on CT.
Psammoma bodies are found in ...
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