Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
16,873 results found
Article
Adenocarcinoma of the seminal vesicle
Adenocarcinomas of the seminal vesicles are the most common malignant primary neoplasm of the seminal vesicles.
Epidemiology
Primary adenocarcinomas of the seminal vesicles are very rare 1,2 and can be observed at a wide age range 2.
Diagnosis
Diagnostic criteria
The following modified diag...
Article
Subtalar dislocation
Subtalar dislocations is the simultaneous dislocation of the talonavicular and talocalcaneal joints, without tibiotalar or talar neck fractures 1.
Epidemiology
Subtalar dislocations comprise 1-2% of all dislocations.
Pathology
Mechanism
Subtalar dislocations are often associated with high e...
Article
Benign and malignant characteristics of breast lesions at ultrasound
Benign and malignant characteristics of breast lesions at ultrasound allow the classification as either malignant, intermediate or benign based on work published by Stavros et al. in 1995.
Radiographic features
Ultrasound
Malignant characteristics (with positive predictive values)
sonog...
Article
Wernicke aphasia
Wernicke aphasia, also known as receptive aphasia or sensory aphasia, is a type of fluent aphasia usually caused by injury (e.g. stroke) to the dominant posterior temporal lobe (Wernicke's area) 1,2.
Clinical presentation
Wernicke aphasia has classic effects on speech 1,2:
fluency: fluent spe...
Article
Frontal lobe
The frontal lobe is by far the largest of the four lobes of the cerebrum (other lobes: parietal lobe, temporal lobe, and occipital lobe), and is responsible for many of the functions which produce voluntary and purposeful action.
Gross anatomy
The frontal lobe is the largest lobe accounting fo...
Article
Parathyroid hyperplasia
Parathyroid hyperplasia is the diffuse enlargement of the parathyroid glands and is a less common cause of primary hyperparathyroidism.
Epidemiology
There is a female predilection (M:F = 1:3).
Clinical presentation
Most commonly an incidental finding of hypercalcemia in asymptomatic patien...
Article
Accessory left atrial appendage
An accessory left atrial appendage is a frequent fortuitous finding in cardiac imaging, encountered in ~10% of patients. They are more often seen as a small diverticular structure projecting from the right upper side of the left atrial wall.
Differential diagnosis
it must not be confused with ...
Article
Chorioamnionitis
Chorioamnionitis refers to infection of the chorion and amnion during pregnancy.
Epidemiology
Chorioamnionitis affects an estimated 2-4% of term deliveries and 40-70% of preterm deliveries 1.
Clinical presentation
Clinically, chorioamnionitis can present with the following maternal signs and...
Article
Ischemic colitis
Ischemic colitis refers to inflammation of the colon secondary to vascular insufficiency and ischemia. It is sometimes considered under the same spectrum as intestinal ischemia. The severity and consequences of the disease are highly variable.
Epidemiology
Ischemic bowel is typically a disease...
Article
Primary lateral sclerosis
Primary lateral sclerosis (PLS) is a form of motor neuron disease (MND).
Clinical presentation
Diagnosis
The diagnosis is clinical, after exclusion of structural, neurodegenerative and metabolic mimics.
Pathology
It is characterized by a slowly progressive upper motor neuron syndrome.
Rad...
Article
Neonatal pneumothorax
Neonatal pneumothorax describes pneumothoraces occurring in neonates. It is a life-threatening condition, associated with high morbidity and mortality. The diagnosis is a challenge especially when the amount of air is small and may accumulate along the anterior or medial pleural space.
Epidemio...
Article
Neurodegenerative protocol (MRI)
MRI protocol for neurodegenerative diseases assessment is a group of MRI sequences put together to best approach a wide variety of disorders, typically slowly progressive, with variable gradual neurologic dysfunction.
Please, refer to neurodegenerative MRI brain (an approach) for a broad discu...
Article
Accessory nerve
The accessory nerve, also called the spinal accessory nerve, or historically, the nerve of Willis, is the eleventh cranial nerve (CN XI) and is composed of two parts, the cranial part and the spinal part (TA: nervus accessorius or nervus cranialis XI).
Connections and course
The cranial part (...
Article
Mandibular lesions
Mandibular lesions are myriad and common. The presence of teeth results in lesions that are specific to the mandible (and maxilla) and a useful classification that defines them as odontogenic or non-odontogenic. While it may often not be possible to make a diagnosis on imaging alone, this classi...
Article
Lobar intracerebral hemorrhage
Lobar intracerebral hemorrhage is a subtype of intracerebral hemorrhage defined by their location in the peripheral cerebral hemispheres. Compared to deep intracerebral hemorrhages (involving the deep grey nuclei or brainstem), lobar hemorrhages are less likely to be related to hypertension and ...
Article
Pubic diastasis
A separation of the pubic symphysis without concomitant fracture constitutes pubic diastasis.
Excessive lateral or anterior movement can be seen secondary to pubic diastasis and this can further lead to pubic symphysis dysfunction.
Clinical presentation
pain
swelling
patient’s legs will inv...
Article
Sphincter of Oddi dysfunction
Sphincter of Oddi dysfunction is where a structural stenosis or dyskinesia of the sphincter of Oddi obstructs drainage from the common bile duct (CBD).
Terminology
This disorder is also known as post-cholecystectomy syndrome and suspected functional biliary sphincter disorder 1,4.
Epidemiolog...
Article
Bone island
Bone islands, previously known as enostoses, are common benign sclerotic bone lesions that usually represent an incidental finding. When occurring in the head they are called osteomas. Bone islands are considered one of the skeletal “don’t touch” lesions.
Terminology
Enostosis is not a recomme...
Article
Spinal meningioma
Meningiomas arising from the coverings of the spinal cord are one of the two most common intradural extramedullary spinal tumors, representing 25-30% of all such tumors 2.
This article specifically relates to spinal meningiomas. For a discussion on intracranial meningiomas and a general discus...
Article
Coandă effect (physics)
The Coanda effect refers to the phenomenon by which a narrow jet of liquid (or air) passing through an orifice directly in sequence with a solid (especially convex) surface will deviate from its path and adhere to this curved surface, following its shape in parallel.
The mechanism is thought to...
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