Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
1,108 results found
Article
Transitional cell carcinoma (urinary bladder)
Transitional cell carcinoma (TCC), also called urothelial cell carcinoma (UCC) of the bladder, is the most common primary neoplasm of the urinary bladder, and bladder TCC is the most common tumor of the entire urinary system.
This article concerns itself with transitional cell carcinomas of the...
Article
Supernumerary kidney
Supernumerary kidneys, also known as accessory kidneys, are a rare congenital anomaly of the urogenital system, where there are one or two additional kidneys.
Epidemiology
Less than 100 cases have been documented in the medical literature.
Associations
Many conditions have been found to be a...
Article
Melioidosis
Melioidosis is an infectious disease caused by the bacterium Burkholderia pseudomallei (previously known as Pseudomonas pseudomallei) and is a multisystem disorder which may affect the lungs, brain, visceral organs, or musculoskeletal system.
Epidemiology
Melioidosis is a disease of the monsoo...
Article
Adrenal glands ultrasound
Adrenal glands ultrasound, is an imaging method that can provide valuable information regarding their size, shape, and structure. As a result, it can aid in diagnosing various pathological conditions related to adrenal gland function.
Techniques
Several ultrasound techniques can be employed to...
Article
Penile fracture
Penile fracture or rupture is a rare event, however one that requires emergency diagnosis and intervention. It is a rupture of the penile tunica albuginea of the corpora cavernosa or spongiosum caused by trauma to an erect penis, most commonly during sexual intercourse. The urologist needs to kn...
Article
Hematospermia
Hematospermia (less commonly hemospermia) refers to the presence of blood in semen or ejaculatory fluid. It is a symptom that can cause great anxiety in patients despite usually being of benign etiology.
Pathology
Etiology
Benign
urogenital infections including sexually transmitted disease, ...
Article
Testicular choriocarcinoma
Testicular choriocarcinoma is a type of non-seminomatous germ cell tumor.
Epidemiology
Incidence peaks at around 20-30 years of age.
Clinical presentation
Can be variable with some patients initially presenting with metastases.
Pathology
It is most commonly detected as a component of a mi...
Article
Urethral diverticulum
Urethral diverticula, or urethroceles, are focal outpouchings of the urethra. They should not be confused with a ureterocele of the distal ureter.
Epidemiology
Urethral diverticula occur far more frequently in women than in men and are estimated to occur in 1-6% of women, especially those with...
Article
Rhabdomyosarcoma (genitourinary tract)
Rhabdomyosarcomas of the genitourinary tract are uncommon tumors occurring in pelvic organs. It is a disease nearly exclusive to the pediatric population.
For a general discussion of this type of tumor, please refer to the article on rhabdomyosarcomas.
Epidemiology
The peak incidence of tumo...
Article
Vesicoureteric reflux
Vesicoureteric reflux (VUR) is the term for the abnormal flow of urine from the bladder into the upper urinary tract and is typically encountered in young children.
For grading of vesicoureteric reflux, please refer to vesicoureteric reflux grading.
Epidemiology
The incidence of urinary tract...
Article
Genitourinary tuberculosis
Genitourinary tuberculosis is the second most common site of infection in humans by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, second only to pulmonary tuberculosis.
It can most easily be divided anatomically into:
renal tuberculosis (renal parenchyma, calyces and renal pelvis)
bladder and ureteric tubercu...
Article
Urethral stricture
Urethral strictures are relatively common and typically occur either in the setting of trauma or infection.
Epidemiology
The demographics of the affected population is dictated by the etiology, but in general, it is safe to say that adult males make up the vast majority of cases.
Clinical pre...
Article
Adult cystic renal disease
Adult cystic renal disease comprises multiple distinct hereditary and non-hereditary disease processes.
Pathology
Etiology
Hereditary
adult polycystic kidney disease (APCKD), a.k.a. autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPCKD)
medullary cystic kidney disease
von Hippel-Lindau dis...
Article
Scrotolith
Scrotoliths, also known as scrotal pearls, are benign incidental extratesticular macrocalcifications within the scrotum. They frequently occupy the potential space of the tunica vaginalis or sinus of the epididymis. They are usually of no clinical significance 1,2.
Epidemiology
The prevalence ...
Article
Paravesical space
The paravesical spaces are paired avascular spaces of the pelvis. The paravesical spaces generally contain fat, but can become filled with ascites, blood, or other substances during pathological processes.
Gross anatomy
Boundaries
superior: lateral umbilical folds
inferior: pubocervical fasc...
Article
Emphysematous pyelonephritis
Emphysematous pyelonephritis (plural: emphysematous pyelonephritides) refers to a morbid infection with particular gas formation within or around the kidneys. If not treated early, it may lead to fulminant sepsis and, therefore, carries a high mortality.
Clinical presentation
The patient usual...
Article
Primary pigmented nodular adrenal dysplasia
Primary pigmented nodular adrenal dysplasia (PPNAD) is a rare benign adrenal condition characterized by ACTH-independent autonomous hypersecretion of cortisol, leading to Cushing syndrome.
Epidemiology
PPNAD is often familial. Patients typically present as children or young adults, and there ...
Article
Percutaneous nephrostomy
Percutaneous nephrostomy is a form of nephrostomy in which percutaneous access to the kidney is achieved under radiological guidance. The access is then often maintained with the use of an indwelling catheter.
Indications
Percutaneous nephrostomy is usually reserved for when retrograde approac...
Article
Contrast-enhanced voiding urosonography
Contrast-enhanced voiding urosonography (occasionally abbreviated as ce-VUS) is a relatively novel contrast-enhanced ultrasonographic technique utilizing microbubbles to detect vesicoureteral reflux.
Indications
Suspected or confirmed vesicoureteral reflux is the primary indication for contra...
Article
Seminal vesicle invasion
Seminal vesicle invasion (SVI) is referred to as the secondary involvement of the seminal vesicles and ductus deferens by neoplasms not originating from the seminal vesicles themselves and are much more common than their primary counterparts. Involvement of the seminal vesicles stages prostate c...
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