Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
89 results found
Article
Poliodystrophies
Poliodystrophies are neurological disease dominated by grey-matter involvement as opposed to leukodystrophies (dominated by white matter involvement) or pandystrophies (both white and grey matter involved).
The poliodystrophy group are defined by predominant grey matter involvement, but some de...
Article
Pandystrophies
Pandystrophies are neurological diseases that demonstrate both white and grey-matter involvement, as opposed to leukodystrophies (dominated by white matter involvement) or poliodystrophies (dominated by grey matter involvement).
Most metabolic diseases with central nervous system involvement fa...
Article
Callen MS-ADEM criteria
The Callen MS-ADEM criteria can be useful in differentiating between acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) and multiple sclerosis (MS) in children, as the first attack of immune-mediated demyelination is a frequent diagnostic challenge.
Usage
The Callen MS-ADEM criteria compare well agai...
Article
Barrow classification of caroticocavernous fistulae
Barrow caroticocavernous fistula classification divides caroticocavernous fistulas into direct (type A) or indirect (types B-D). This classification was proposed by Barrow et al. in 1985 1 and at the time of writing (mid-2016) remains the most widely used system for describing caroticocavernous ...
Article
Suzuki staging system for moyamoya disease
The staging system for moyamoya disease was first described by Suzuki and Takaku in their seminal 1969 article 1 and is still in use today. Formally, the staging refers to findings on conventional angiography, although there are efforts to apply similar systems to MR angiography 2.
Classificati...
Article
Zabramski classification of cerebral cavernous malformations
The Zabramski classification of cerebral cavernomas has been proposed as a way of classifying cerebral cavernous malformations, and although not used in clinical practice it is useful in scientific publications that seek to study cavernous malformations.
The classification was proposed in 1994 ...
Article
Multiphase CT angiography collateral score in acute stroke
Multiphase CT angiography (mCTA) collateral score is a simple scoring system that allows quick evaluation of collateral vessel filling delay in acute ischemic stroke. In some studies, it has been shown to be a better predictor of clinical outcomes and eligibility for endovascular therapy (ECT) t...
Article
Spetzler-Martin arteriovenous malformation grading system
The Spetzler-Martin arteriovenous malformation (AVM) grading system allocates points for various angiographic features of intracranial arteriovenous malformations to give a score that predicts the morbidity/mortality risk of surgery 5.
Grading
The grading system requires correlation between C...
Article
Lasjaunias classification of vein of Galen aneurysmal malformations
The Lasjaunias classification, at the time of writing (mid 2024), is one of the two commonly used systems for classifying vein of Galen malformations. It relies on dividing the entity into choroidal or mural types, depending on the number and origin of feeding arteries.
Classification
choroid...
Article
Biffl scale for blunt cerebrovascular injury
The Biffl scale or grade illustrates the spectrum of blunt cerebrovascular injury (BCVI) seen on angiography (both CTA and DSA). Some authors refer to the grading scale as the Denver scale, which is not to be confused with the Denver criteria, a series of clinical indications to screen for blunt...
Article
Yasargil classification of vein of Galen aneurysmal malformations
The Yasargil classification is one of the two common systems for classifying vein of Galen malformations that is currently in use at the time of writing (mid 2024).
Classification
type I: small pure cisternal fistula between the vein of Galen (voG) and either the pericallosal arteries (anteri...
Article
Disseminated histoplasmosis
Disseminated histoplasmosis, also known as progressive disseminated histoplasmosis, is a severe form of histoplasmosis infection typically seen in immunosuppressed patients, especially in the setting of HIV infection. It results from hematogenous dissemination of the infection, involving multipl...
Article
Zurich pituitary score
The Zurich pituitary score is a quantitative classification of pituitary adenomas based on coronal T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging with contrast, although the score can also be obtained with computed tomography.
The Zurich pituitary score is based on the ratio between the horizontal tumo...
Article
Glasgow Coma Scale
The Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) was developed in 1974 1 to describe the level of consciousness specifically in patients with head injury although it is now used widely as a shorthand for all manner of presentations and has generally been validated, although concerns remain about its use in certain ...
Article
Canadian Neurological Scale
The Canadian Neurological Scale is a validated tool to evaluate stroke severity 1,2 designed to be performed on patients who are alert or drowsy. Patients who are stuporous or comatose are evaluated with the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) instead.
Classification
Section A is completed first. In the ...
Article
Spinal cord injury
Spinal cord injury (SCI) can be traumatic or non-traumatic (e.g. neoplastic compression or degenerative stenosis) but the syndromes associated with spinal cord injury can be seen in all etiologies.
Injuries to the spinal cord can be incomplete or complete and are graded on the ASIA impairment s...
Article
WFNS grading system
The WFNS subarachnoid hemorrhage grading system, proposed in 1988 by the World Federation of Neurosurgical Societies uses the Glasgow Coma Scale and the presence of focal neurological deficits to grade the clinical severity of subarachnoid hemorrhage 1.
In 2016 a modified grading system was pro...
Article
ASIA impairment scale for spinal injury
The American Spinal Injury Association Impairment Scale (AIS) was developed by the American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA) in 2006, was revised in 2011, and remains the most widely used neurologic classification of spinal cord injury.
Classification
The scale divides spinal cord injuries int...
Article
WHO grading of CNS tumors
WHO (World Health Organization) grading of CNS tumors depends on the specifics of each entity; see WHO classification of CNS tumors.
Historically grading was based on histological characteristics such as cellularity, mitotic activity, pleomorphism, necrosis, and endothelial proliferation, howe...
Article
ABC/2
ABC/2, also confusingly written as 1/2ABC in some literature, is a fast and simple method for estimating the volume of intracerebral hemorrhage (or any other ellipsoid lesion for that matter) which does not require volumetric 3D analysis or software.
Intracerebral hemorrhage volume is an import...
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