Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
742 results found
Article
Tight filum terminale syndrome
Tight filum terminale syndrome, or tight filum syndrome, is a subtype of the tethered cord syndrome that is attributed to a thick, short, and/or otherwise inelastic filum terminale rather than other tethering agents.
Terminology
The term "tight filum terminale syndrome" is synonymous with "tet...
Article
Jail bar sign (vertebral hemangioma)
The jail bar sign refers to the vertically striated appearance seen in vertebral hemangiomas due to thickening of the bony trabeculae. It is the sagittal and coronal correlate of the polka-dot sign observed on axial imaging.
It is caused by replacement of normal cancellous bone by coarse, scler...
Article
Rachischisis totalis
Rachischisis totalis, also known as complete spina bifida, refers to a severe form of spina bifida where there is a cleft through the entire spine.
Pathology
There is often a severe or complete defect of the neural tube involving the entire spine from the cervical region through to the sacrum....
Article
Split atlas
Split or bipartite atlas is the rare congenital anomaly where the atlas is split into two halves by fusion defects in both the anterior and posterior arches. The osseous defects are spanned by fibrous tissue.
They are usually asymptomatic and found incidentally on spinal imaging. Patients may h...
Article
Occult intrasacral meningocele
Occult intrasacral meningocele, or more simply sacral meningocele, is a rare congenital lesion characterized by an extradural arachnoid cyst within the sacral canal, classified as a Nabor type Ib meningeal cyst.
Terminology
Other terms for this entity in the literature include intrasacral meni...
Article
Braid-like sign (spinal sarcoidosis)
The braid-like sign is an imaging pattern of sarcoidosis spinal cord involvement. It is characterized by a ventral subpial enhancement in the spinal cord.
Article
Corduroy sign (vertebral hemangioma)
The corduroy sign refers to vertically-oriented, thickened trabeculae seen in intraosseous hemangiomas of the spine. It is the sagittal and coronal equivalent of the polka-dot sign seen on axial imaging.
It is caused by the replacement of the normal cancellous bone by thickened vertical trabec...
Article
Artery of Adamkiewicz
The artery of Adamkiewicz, also known as the great anterior radiculomedullary artery or arteria radicularis anterior magna, is the name of the dominant thoracolumbar segmental medullary artery, which supplies the lower spinal cord by reinforcing the anterior spinal artery.
Gross anatomy
The ar...
Article
Ventriculus terminalis
The ventriculus terminalis (or persistent terminal ventricle, or terminal ventricle of Krause, or 5th ventricle) is an ependymal-lined fusiform dilatation of the terminal central canal of the spinal cord, positioned at the transition from the tip of the conus medullaris to the origin of the filu...
Article
Lateral atlantodental instability
Lateral atlantoaxial instability is a subtype of atlantoaxial subluxation, and is a poorly understood entity that may be encountered in post-traumatic and rheumatic patients with equal frequency to established sagittal plane atlantoaxial subluxation 1.
There is limited information regarding cl...
Article
Adrenomyeloneuropathy
Adrenomyeloneuropathy is a form of X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy characterized by pronounced involvement of the spinal cord with only minor involvement of the cerebral white matter.
Clinical presentation
Clinical presentation depends on whether or not there is also cerebral involvement.
In ...
Article
Spinal hematoma
Spinal hematomas are a rare clinical entity and are often idiopathic. Prompt diagnosis and treatment are crucial, lest they cause permanent neurological damage.
Identifying the location of the hematoma is important for treatment, as is distinguishing it, to the extent possible, from other entit...
Article
Vertebral body endplate
Vertebral body endplates are anatomically-discrete structures that form the interface between the vertebral bodies and the adjacent intervertebral discs. They are constituted peripherally by an epiphyseal bone ring and centrally by a cartilaginous layer. The cartilaginous layer is related to the...
Article
Widening of interpedicular distance
The interpedicular distance, which is the distance measured between the pedicles on frontal/coronal imaging, can be widened in a number of situations.
Pathology
Etiology
diastematomyelia
syringomyelia
conditions that can cause dural ectasia (can potentially cause widening)
Marfan syndrome
...
Article
Filar cyst
A filar cyst is an incidental finding on neonatal lumbar sonography located in the filum terminale of the spinal cord. It is considered a normal variant and is often confused for a ventriculus terminalis, a smooth dilated cavity of the central canal, located within the conus medullaris.
The inc...
Article
Thoracolumbar injury classification and severity score (TLICS)
The thoracolumbar injury classification and severity score (TLICS), also sometimes known as the thoracolumbar injury severity score (TISS), was developed by the Spine Trauma Group in 2005 to overcome some of the perceived difficulties regarding the use of other thoracolumbar spinal fracture clas...
Article
Gertzbein and Robbins classification
The Gertzbein and Robbins classification assesses the position of transpedicular screws.
Classification
Transpedicular screw position is graded from A to E based on the extent by which the screw breaches the cortex of the pedicle 1-3:
A: fully intrapedicular position without breach of the ped...
Article
Retropulsed fragment
A retropulsed fragment is any vertebral fracture fragment that is displaced into the spinal canal, thereby potentially causing spinal cord injury.
They usually arise from the vertebral body with or without a portion of the pedicle, and are displaced posteriorly, hence the prefix 'retro'.
Article
Epitransverse process of the atlas
Epitransverse process is a rare anatomical variant of the atlas, consisting of a bony exostosis which extends cephalad from the transverse process of the atlas to articulate with the occipital bone. This process sometimes meets with a paracondylar process from the occipital bone, forming a pseud...
Article
Retrolisthesis
The term retrolisthesis (less commonly known as retrospondylolisthesis or posterolisthesis, or reverse vertebral slip) refers to posterior displacement of a vertebral body relative to the caudal vertebral body.
Pathology
Causes include:
trauma
facet joint osteoarthritis
congenital anomalies...
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