Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
742 results found
Article
Diffusely increased bone marrow FDG uptake
A diffuse homogeneous bone marrow FDG uptake usually reflects hyperplastic bone marrow which can be seen in the following conditions:
therapy-related
granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF)
post-chemotherapy
erythropoietin
pathological process
myelodysplastic syndromes
beta-thalasse...
Article
Scimitar (disambiguation)
The term scimitar, referring to the characteristic shape of the Middle Eastern sword, may refer to the following:
scimitar syndrome (lungs)
scimitar sign (cystic adventitial disease)
scimitar sacrum (bones)
Article
Sulcal artery
Sulcal arteries are penetrating branches from the anterior spinal artery and extend posteriorly through the anterior median fissure of the spinal cord. The sulcal arteries supply the anterior two-thirds of the spinal cord at any cross-sectional level.
Successive sulcal arteries generally altern...
Article
Klaus height index
Klaus height index is the distance between tip of the dens and the tuberculum torcula line (Twining's line) 1,2. A normal height is 40-41 mm.
A decreased Klaus height index is seen in basilar invagination.
Article
Nucleus pulposus
The nucleus pulposus (plural: nuclei pulposi) is the central part of each intervertebral disc.
Gross anatomy
It is located within the annulus fibrosus and between the vertebral body endplates. It is composed of a thin lattice of collagen fibers (type II) which traverse though hydrophilic glyco...
Article
Boogard's angle
Boogard's angle is measured by drawing a line from basion to opisthion and another line along the plane of the clivus to the basion intersecting the first line - the angle between these two lines is measured.
The normal angle is 126° +/- 6°. If the angle measures more than 136° it is indicative...
Article
Chamberlain line
Chamberlain line is a line joining the back of hard palate with the opisthion on a lateral view of the craniocervical junction.
Significance
It helps to recognize basilar invagination which is said to be present if the tip of the dens is >3 mm above this line.
McGregor developed a modificatio...
Article
Grey matter
The grey matter is the substance of the brain and spinal cord that contains the neuronal cell bodies of the central nervous system.
Within the cerebrum the two main locations of grey matter are on the surface of the gyri (the cortical grey matter) and the nuclei of the basal ganglia. The brains...
Article
Neoplasms of the spinal canal
Neoplasms of the spinal canal encompass a range of tumors which arise from or involve the spinal cord, theca, and spinal nerves.
Pathology
These can be divided according to the tissue/structure of origin within the spinal canal. Tumors of vertebral bodies are discussed separately: see vertebra...
Article
Pseudosubluxation of the cervical spine
Pseudosubluxation of the cervical spine is the physiological anterior displacement of C2 on C3 in children. It is common in children <7 years, and less often present in older children. Less often it is seen at C3 on C4. It is more pronounced in flexion and is of clinical significance as it can b...
Article
Spinal arteriovenous fistula
Spinal arteriovenous fistulas (spinal AVFs) are characterized by abnormal communication and shunting of blood from an artery to a vein of the spine that bypasses the capillary bed.
Epidemiology
Spinal arteriovenous fistulas represent approximately 70% of all spinal vascular malformations 1,2.
...
Article
Cuneate fasciculus
The cuneate fasciculus, also known as the fasciculus cuneatus (plural: fasciculi cuneati) or column of Burdach, represents the lateral portion of the dorsal columns and carries input from between and including C1 and T6 1.
Function
The cuneate fasciculus is responsible for transmitting vibrat...
Article
Anterolisthesis
The term anterolisthesis refers to anterior displacement (forward slip) of a vertebral body relative to the one below.
Its severity can be graded by the Meyerding classification and its etiology classified according to the Wiltse classification.
Article
Bladder impairment following spinal cord injury
A commonly used classification scheme used by urologists and rehabilitation specialists, described by Wein, classifies bladder impairment following spinal cord injury according to the level of injury:
suprasacral (infrapontine) bladder - upper motor neuron lesion, releasing the sacral micturiti...
Article
Flame sign (spinal cord metastasis)
The flame sign has been described as a helpful MRI sign of spinal cord metastases, enabling them to be distinguished from other enhancing spinal cord lesions (e.g. ependymoma, astrocytoma and hemangioblastoma) 1.
Radiographic features
MRI
The flame sign is seen on sagittal post contrast T1 w...
Article
Rim sign (spinal cord metastasis)
The rim sign has been described as a helpful MRI sign of spinal cord metastases, enabling them to be distinguished from other enhancing spinal cord lesions (e.g. ependymoma and astrocytoma).
Radiographic features
MRI
The rim sign is seen on sagittal post contrast T1 weighted imaging of the s...
Article
Curtain sign (vertebral body mass)
The curtain sign, also known as the draped curtain sign, in neuroimaging refers to the appearance of a vertebral body mass that extends posteriorly towards the anterior epidural space.
The posterior longitudinal ligament is strongly attached to the posterior vertebral body cortex in the midline...
Article
Disc desiccation
Disc desiccation (also known as disc dehydration) is an extremely common degenerative change of intervertebral discs. The incidence climbs with age, and to a large degree a gradual dehydration is a 'normal' part of disc aging. It results from replacement of the hydrophilic glycosaminoglycans wit...
Article
Naked facet sign (vertebral column)
The naked facet sign (also known as the hamburger sign or reverse hamburger bun sign) refers to the CT appearance of an uncovered vertebral articular facet when the facet joint is dislocated, most often in cases of locked facet.
This CT sign is characteristic of a flexion-distraction injury an...
Article
Lumbar enlargement
The lumbar enlargement of the spinal cord corresponds to the mild increase in cross sectional area of the cord from the T11 level to the conus medullaris. It is enlarged due to the presence of the spinal nerve anterior rami which contribute to the lumbar and sacral plexuses.
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