Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
536 results found
Article
Fisher scale
The Fisher scale is the initial and best-known system of classifying the amount of subarachnoid hemorrhage on CT scans, described in 1980 4. Its primary use was in predicting the occurrence and severity of cerebral vasospasm, highest in grade 3 2,4.
Usage
Although it is known as a scale, fro...
Article
Singh index
The Singh index is a classification system for bone density of the femoral neck based on the visibility of the trabecular types that can be seen in the femoral neck.
Trabecular types in proximal femur
Five trabecular types can be present in the proximal part of the femur:
principal compressio...
Article
LR2 cirrhosis-associated nodule
LR2 cirrhosis-associated nodules are defined as "probably benign" according to the LI-RADS classification system. They are a common finding in a cirrhotic liver and do not need to be mentioned in the report.
Radiographic features
The nodule must demonstrate all of the following:
diameter <20...
Article
Tumors of the meninges (differential)
Tumors of the meninges are a heterogeneous group of lesions which usually occur as extra-axial masses. Although a large number of lesions that can involve meninges are scattered throughout the WHO classification of CNS tumors, the main entities to be considered include:
meningioma and numero...
Article
WHO classification of eye tumors
The World Health Organizatiοn (WHO) classification of eye tumors is a widely used pathologic classification system of neoplasms of the orbit. The current revision, part of the 4th edition of the WHO series, was published in 2018 and is reflected in the article below 1.
Classification
Tumors of...
Article
Waldenström classification of Perthes disease
The Waldenström classification of Perthes disease refers to x-ray abnormalities and represents four temporal phases of the disease. These stages have been further subdivided in the modified Elizabethtown classification 2.
stage I: early
asymmetric femoral epiphyseal size (smaller on the affect...
Article
Orbital blow-in fractures
Orbital blow-in fractures are characterized by an inferior displaced injury of the roof of the orbit, usually due to a sudden traumatic-induced increase in intracranial pressure.
Clinical presentation
Complications
orbital blow-in fractures are associated with intraorbital injuries
extraocul...
Article
Modified Fisher scale
The modified Fisher scale is a method for radiological grading subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) secondary to intracranial aneurysm rupture, assessed on the first non-contrast CT.
It was modified from the original Fisher scale to account for patients with thick cisternal blood and concomitant intra...
Article
Not otherwise specified (NOS)
Not otherwise specified (NOS) is a term used in a variety of classification systems to denote an entity that has been only incompletely characterized; enough for a general diagnosis but not to the point of a complete diagnosis.
The definition and use will vary between different classification ...
Article
Diffuse axonal injury (grading)
Grading of diffuse axonal injury due to trauma is described according to the anatomic distribution of injury. Contrary to the implication of the word "diffuse," diffuse axonal injury has a topological predilection for focal involvement of certain sites in the brain. These sites, in turn, vary in...
Article
Judet and Letournel classification for acetabular fractures
The Judet and Letournel classification is the most widely used classification system for acetabular fractures. It classifies acetabular fractures into ten major fracture patterns, which consist of five simple patterns and five complex patterns 1,2.
Classification
The morphology of fracture pa...
Article
NeuroImaging Radiological Interpretation System (NIRIS) for acute traumatic brain injury
The NeuroImaging Radiological Interpretation System (NIRIS) is a scheme for structured contextual reporting of CT head examinations of suspected head injuries.
The NIRIS was proposed 1 in 2018 by a multi-institute group of neuroradiologists based at Stanford University. Its unique objective is ...
Article
Lymph node levels of the neck
The lymph nodes in the neck have historically been divided into at least six anatomic neck lymph node levels for the purpose of head and neck cancer staging and therapy planning. Differing definitions exist across specialties 1-4. The following is a synthesis of radiologically useful boundaries ...
Article
Normal bone marrow signal of the clivus
Bone marrow signal of the clivus changes predictably with age and is well assessed with midline T1 non-fat-saturated, non-contrast images. As is seen in the rest of the body the proportion of yellow (fatty) marrow increases with age. Knowledge of these changes allows the diagnosis of the abnorma...
Article
Classification of endoleaks
Endoleaks occur when an aneurysmal sac continues to be pressurised despite endoluminal stent placement. See the full article on endoleaks here.
Classification
There are five types:
type I: leak at graft ends (inadequate seal) - most common after repair of thoracic aortic aneurysms 4
...
Article
Graf method for ultrasound classification of developmental dysplasia of the hip
The Graf method for ultrasound classification system for developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) in infants describes both alpha and beta angles.
As a general rule, the alpha angle determines the type, and the beta angle determines the subtype. The angle is formed by the acetabular roof to the...
Article
Nottingham classification
The Nottingham classification is used at the end of work up of a breast lesion to help guide management.
A = malignant
lesion needs surgical excision regardless of biopsy result
B = indeterminate
will accept a benign biopsy result, but only if it is congruent with imaging, i.e. a well circum...
Article
Cardiomyopathy
Cardiomyopathy is defined as a "disease of the myocardium with associated cardiac dysfunction" 1. It has been classified according to several systems:
1995 WHO/ISFC cardiomyopathy classification system
Elliott et al. classification system: published by the European Society of Cardiology Workin...
Article
Gustilo Anderson classification
The Gustilo Anderson classification, also known as the Gustilo classification, is the most widely accepted classification system of open (or compound) fractures.
The grading system is used to guide management of compound fractures, with higher grade injuries associated with higher risk of compl...
Article
Esophageal atresia (classification)
Esophageal atresia is closely related to tracheo-esophageal fistula and can be divided into1:
type A: isolated esophageal atresia (8%)
type B: proximal fistula with distal atresia (1%)
type C: proximal atresia with distal fistula (85%)
type D: double fistula with intervening...
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