Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
89 results found
Article
Knosp classification of cavernous sinus invasion by pituitary macroadenomas
The Knosp classification is one of the more commonly used systems to determine the likelihood of cavernous sinus invasion by pituitary macroadenomas.
Usage
By stratifying the likelihood of cavernous sinus invasion, the Knosp classification is important in operative planning, and predicting res...
Article
Kang grading system of cervical canal stenosis
The Kang grading system of cervical canal stenosis is used to grade the severity of cervical canal stenosis as demonstrated on MRI. It is derived from the earlier Muhle staging system 1,2.
It categorizes cervical stenosis into four grades from 0 to 3 according to the severity of spinal cord com...
Article
Smoker's criteria
Smoker’s criteria use three quantitative measures of basilar artery morphology to diagnose dolichoectasia:
laterality
bifurcation height as a surrogate measure for tortuosity and elongation
basilar artery diameter represents the degree of dilatation
The application of Smoker’s criteria pro...
Article
Orgogozo stroke scale
The Orgogozo stroke scale was designed to assess middle cerebral artery stroke 1-3. This scale's use has become rarer in contemporary literature due to the widespread adoption of the NIH Stroke Scale, however basic knowledge may assist interpretation of older literature 4,5.
Classification
con...
Article
iNPH Radscale
The iNPH Radscale is a reproducible semiquantified grading scale for the imaging findings of normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH).
Scale
The iNPH Radscale uses the following imaging findings on both CT and MRI 1,4:
Evans index
≤0.25: 0 points
0.26-0.3: 1 point
>0.3: 2 points
narrow parieta...
Article
WHO classification of CNS tumors
The WHO classification of CNS tumors is the most widely accepted system for classifying CNS tumors, now into its 5th edition, traditionally published in a blue cover (thus "blue book").
Although traditionally based on histological characteristics of the tumors, since the 2016 revised 4th editio...
Article
Lumbar nerve root anomaly classification
There are a number of systems for lumbar nerve root anomaly classification with the Neidre and MacNab classification the most commonly cited; other systems include the Postacchini classification, and the Kadish and Simmons classification 2.
Classification
Neidre and MacNab classification modif...
Article
Simpson grade
The Simpson grade of meningioma resection was described in 1957 and correlated the degree of surgical resection completeness with symptomatic recurrence 1.
grade I
complete removal including resection of the underlying bone and associated dura
9% symptomatic recurrence at 10 years
grade II
...
Article
TOAST classification in acute ischemic stroke
The TOAST (Trial of ORG 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment) classification denotes five etiologies of ischemic stroke.
large-artery atherosclerosis
cardioembolism
small-vessel occlusion (lacune)
stroke of other determined etiology
stroke of undetermined etiology
It is thought to carry good in...
Article
Temporal bone fracture
Temporal bone fracture is usually a sequela of significant blunt head injury. In addition to potential damage to hearing and the facial nerve, associated intracranial injuries, such as extra-axial hemorrhage, diffuse axonal injury and cerebral contusions are common. Early identification of tempo...
Article
Barkovich classification of agenesis of the corpus callosum with interhemispheric cyst
The Barkovich classification of agenesis of the corpus callosum with interhemispheric cyst divides interhemispheric cysts that are diagnosed in individuals with concurrent agenesis of the corpus callosum into two types based on the presence or absence of communication with the ventricular system...
Article
Koos grading scale
The Koos grading scale 1 is frequently used as a classification system for vestibular schwannomas.
Classification
grade 1: small intracanalicular tumor
grade 2: small tumor with protrusion into the cerebellopontine cistern (CPA); no contact with the brainstem
grade 3: tumor occupying the cer...
Article
Modified Rankin scale
The modified Rankin scale (mRS) is commonly used to quantify functional outcome in individuals who suffer a neurological event. The scale was initially described by Rankin in 1957 to assess the outcome of cerebrovascular accidents 1. It has subsequently been modified 2,3 and has been used in a w...
Article
Modified Memphis criteria for blunt cerebrovascular injury
The modified Memphis criteria are a set of screening criteria for blunt cerebrovascular injury (BCVI) in trauma. The presence of one or more of these criteria makes necessary a complementary CTA or DSA study to exclude a BCVI.
The screening protocol criteria for BCVI are:
base of skull fractur...
Article
Thrombolysis in cerebral infarction (TICI) scale
The thrombolysis in cerebral infarction (TICI) grading system was described in 2003 by Higashida et al. 1 as a tool for determining the response of thrombolytic therapy for ischemic stroke. In neurointerventional radiology it is commonly used for patients post endovascular revascularization. Lik...
Article
Modified treatment in cerebral infarction (mTICI) score
The modified treatment in cerebral infarction (mTICI) score was developed from the original thrombolysis in cerebral infarction (TICI) scale by a consensus group in 2013 1. The recommendations included a name change to better reflect the increasing use of endovascular clot retrieval for ischemic...
Article
Expanded treatment in cerebral infarction (eTICI) score
The expanded treatment in cerebral infarction (eTICI) score is modified from the modified treatment in cerebral infarction (mTICI) and thrombolysis in cerebral infarction (TICI) scales. It was published by the HERMES investigators in 2019 1.
Using modified Rankin scale (mRs) shift at 90 days as...
Article
Blumcke classification of focal cortical dysplasia
Blumcke et al. proposed the widely adopted International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) consensus classification system for focal cortical dysplasia in 2011 2, which shares many features with the previously described classification systems by Palmini (2004) and Barkovich (2005).
In 2022, an up...
Article
Diffuse astrocytoma grading
Grading of diffuse astrocytic tumors in adults has been done according to a number of systems over the years, although by far the most popular now being the WHO grading system.
Historically these grading systems focussed on the presence or absence of a number of histological features, although ...
Article
ASCOD classification (ischemic stroke)
The ASCOD classification system 1, published in 2013, aims to define phenotypes of ischemic strokes for individual patients by assigning a degree of probability to each of the most common causes of this pathology.
It serves most strictly as a research tool but is also useful clinically as a mne...
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