Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
321 results found
Article
Myocardial fiber disarray
Myocardial disarray, myocardial fiber disarray or cardiac myocyte disarray refers to bizarre disorganization and texture of cardiac myocyte bundles, individual cardiomyocytes and contractile elements within the sarcomeres. It is an important histological feature of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy wh...
Article
Creatine kinase
Creatine kinase (CK), also known as creatine phosphokinase (CPK), is a key enzyme, for energy production in mitochondria and muscle tissues. It is important as a diagnostic assay in clinical practice, primarily because inflamed/injured muscle releases creatine kinase into the circulation 1.
Phy...
Article
Atypical small acinar proliferation
Atypical small acinar proliferations (ASAP) are premalignant lesions of the prostate, which can be found in as many as 5% of prostate biopsies. They are suspicious glands without adequate histologic atypia to establish a definitive diagnosis of prostate cancer. Some studies showed that there is ...
Article
Liquefactive necrosis
Liquefactive necrosis is a form of necrosis where there is transformation of the tissue into a liquid viscous mass.
Pathology
In liquefactive necrosis, the affected cell is completely digested by hydrolytic enzymes leading to a soft, circumscribed lesion which can consist of fluid with remains...
Article
Oncotype DX Breast Recurrence Score
Oncotype DX Breast Recurrence Score (Exact Sciences, USA) is a proprietary 21-gene expression assay that is prospectively validated and provides prognostic information on the 10-year risk of disease recurrence in estrogen receptor positive, lymph node-negative breast cancer patients 1. This gene...
Article
Copper
Copper (chemical symbol Cu) is one of the trace elements. It has an important biological role as a redox agent and as a cofactor in cuproproteins, facilitating many vital metabolic reactions.
Chemistry
Basic chemistry
Copper is a transition metal with the atomic number 29 and an atomic weight...
Article
Necrosis
Necrosis (plural: necroses) is defined as unregulated cell death. This is in contrast to apoptosis, which is a form of regulated, or programmed, cell death 1.
Necrosis is the most common type of cell death observed in injury/disease. It occurs when cellular damage is so severe that lysosomal e...
Article
Exophytic
Exophytic is a descriptive term used by radiologists/pathologists to describe solid organ lesions arising from the outer surface of the organ of origin.
Literally exophytic only refers to those lesions arising from the outer surface, however radiologists and pathologists use the term to include...
Article
C-reactive protein
C-reactive protein (CRP) is an acute phase reactant commonly measured in clinical practice as a marker of inflammation and to monitor disease severity, disease course and treatment response. It should not be confused with protein C (an anticoagulant) or C-peptide (a component of proinsulin).
Ph...
Article
Hypersensitivity reaction
Hypersensitivity reactions are the immunological response to both exogenous and endogenous antigens, and form the basis for many diseases.
Pathology
Classification
Using the Gell and Coombs' classification, there are four types of hypersensitivity reactions, each mediated by a different mech...
Article
Hernia (general)
Hernias (or herniae) are a common pathological entity, in which an anatomical structure passes into an abnormal location via an opening.
The opening may be a normal physiological aperture (e.g. hiatus hernia: stomach passes through the diaphragmatic esophageal hiatus) or pathological. Iatrogeni...
Article
Inflammation (acute)
Inflammation is the response of tissues to infection and damage. In the acute phase, it functions to bring cells and molecules to the site of infection or damage to elicit a protective response1.
The acute inflammatory response is characterized by three phases:
Dilation of blood vessels, whic...
Article
Columnar cell change without atypia (breast)
Columnar cell change without atypia breast lesions are characterized by enlarged terminal ductal lobular units lined by columnar epithelial cells which substitute the normal cuboid epithelial layer.
They are also associated with prominent apical cytoplasmic snouts and intraluminal secretions. ...
Article
Columnar cell hyperplasia of the breast
Columnar cell hyperplasia is part of the spectrum of columnar cell lesions of the breast characterized by enlarged terminal ductal lobular units lined by stratified (more than two layers) columnar epithelium, cellular crowding or overlapping without atypia.
It can also form tufts or mounds with...
Article
Alzheimer type I glia
Alzheimer type I glia are a type of glial cell. They are large multinucleated astrocytes encountered in glial tumors and progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) 1.
Article
Tanycytes
Tanycytes are one of the three types of ependymal cells, themselves a type of glial cell. They are found lining the floor of the third ventricle overlying the median eminence of the hypothalamus 1.
It is believed that these specialized cells are involved in the feedback mechanisms on the ante...
Article
Oligodendrocytes
Oligodendrocytes are one of the four principles types of glial cells and are the central nervous system equivalent of the Schwann cells found peripherally. They wrap the neurons of the brain and spinal cord with myelin 1.
See also
oligodendroglioma
Article
Hemoglobin
Hemoglobin (Hb) is the oxygen-carrying molecule in red blood cells.
Structure
Hemoglobin is a tetrameric protein molecule composed of four subunits. Each subunit consists of an iron-containing cyclic heme component linked to a polypeptide chain, the polypeptides are together known as globin. E...
Article
Non-pulsatile tinnitus
Non-pulsatile tinnitus is a form of tinnitus where there is a continuous ringing sensation of the ears. It is thought to have a considerable subjective component in many individuals.
Pathology
Many factors have been postulated, inclusive of 1-5:
cerumen impaction
middle ear infection
medica...
Article
Scientific notation
In general, the Radiopaedia style guide adheres to internationally-agreed standards for scientific notation. The main exception is isotope notation, for which we have decided to drop the use of superscripted mass numbers.
anatomic nomenclature
chemical element notation
genes and proteins
nam...
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