Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
1,108 results found
Article
Hypospadias
Hypospadias refers to a type of congenital malformation affecting the male external genitalia.
Epidemiology
The estimated prevalence is ~2 (range 0.2-4.1) per 1000 live births.
Pathology
The urethral meatus is abnormally positioned proximally and ventrally to its normal position.
It is thou...
Article
Neonatal hydronephrosis
Neonatal hydronephrosis is most commonly diagnosed antenatally as fetal pylectasis, and in the majority of cases is due to pelviureteric junction (PUJ) obstruction.
Pathology
Etiology
pelviureteric junction (PUJ) obstruction (50% of cases 1,6)
vesicoureteric reflux (~20% of cases 5)
poste...
Article
Paintbrush appearance
A paintbrush appearance describes the streaky appearances of dilated contrast filled tubules within the renal medulla on IVP or CT-IVU. This appearance is characteristic for medullary sponge kidneys.
A similar appearance is also seen in the renal tubular ectasia; though less pronounced.
See al...
Article
Growing teratoma syndrome
Growing teratoma syndrome is a rare complication after treatment for metastatic (or in the case of intracranial disease, primary) non-seminomatous germ cell tumors (NSGCT).
It was first described in the pediatric population with treated germ cell neoplasms, and represents enlarging masses at th...
Article
Prostate cancer
Prostate cancer ranks as the most common primary malignant tumor in men and the second most common cause of cancer-related deaths in men. Prostatic adenocarcinoma is by far the most common histological type and is the primary focus of this article.
Terminology
The aim of prostate MRI is to det...
Article
Cystic partially differentiated nephroblastoma
Cystic partially differentiated nephroblastomas (CPDN) are rare pediatric cystic renal tumors. They are distinct from pediatric cystic nephromas although they have very similar imaging appearances.
Terminology
Evolving terminology regarding cystic nephromas and other cystic renal tumors reflec...
Article
Abdominal and pelvic anatomy
Abdominal and pelvic anatomy encompasses the anatomy of all structures of the abdominal and pelvic cavities.
This anatomy section promotes the use of the Terminologia Anatomica, the international standard of anatomical nomenclature.
Article
Calyceal microlithiasis
Calyceal microlithiasis or more specifically renal calyceal microlithiasis is defined as <3 mm hyperechoic foci noted within the renal calyces on gray scale ultrasonography 1. It has been considered as a precursor for renal stone formation.
Clinical presentation
The patient may be asymptomati...
Article
Prostatomegaly
Prostatomegaly is a general term used to describe enlargement of the prostate gland from whatever cause. Usually, the prostate is considered enlarged on imaging when its volume measures >30 mL 3.
Terminology
The term prostatomegaly is often used interchangeably with benign prostatic hyperplas...
Article
Lymphangiomatosis
Lymphangiomatosis is a rare mesenchymal disorder that is characterized by developmental "malformation" of multiple lymphatic channels (usually with dilatation).
Terminology
If lymphatic channels are purely dilated and not malformed the term lymphangiectasia is usually used. If lymphangiomatosi...
Article
Renal cell carcinoma
Renal cell carcinomas (RCC) (historically also known as hypernephroma or Grawitz tumor) are primary malignant adenocarcinomas derived from the renal tubular epithelium and are the most common malignant renal tumor. They usually occur in 50-70-year old patients and macroscopic hematuria occurs in...
Article
Polyorchidism
Polyorchidism, also known as supernumerary testes, refers to the presence of more than two testes and is a very rare congenital anomaly. The supernumerary testis can be usually located inside the scrotum (75% of the patients) or less commonly in the inguinal canal, the retroperitoneum, or the ab...
Article
Adrenal hemorrhage
Adrenal hemorrhage can result from a variety of traumatic and non-traumatic causes. When unilateral, it is often clinically silent. In contrast, bilateral adrenal hemorrhage can lead to catastrophic adrenal insufficiency.
Clinical presentation
The clinical signs of adrenal hemorrhage are very ...
Article
Testicular lipomatosis
Testicular lipomatosis is a rare condition characterized by homogeneously hyperechoic non-shadowing lesions within the testes on ultrasound without flow on color Doppler. It is seen as a component of PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homolog) gene hamartoma tumor syndrome (PHTS) which includes:
Cowd...
Article
Cervical cancer (staging)
Staging of cervical cancer can either be based on the TNM or FIGO system.
Classification
Revised FIGO staging of cervical carcinoma (2018)
FIGO no longer includes stage 0 (Tis)
I: confined to cervix uteri (extension to the corpus should be disregarded)
IA: invasive carcinoma only diagnosed ...
Article
Obstructive cystic renal dysplasia
Obstructive cystic renal dysplasia, or Potter type IV cystic renal disease, is a potential complication that can occur from prolonged obstruction of the bladder outlet or urethra during gestation.
Pathology
Ureteric obstruction during active nephrogenesis results in cystic renal dysplasia; th...
Article
Metanephric adenoma of the kidney
Metanephric adenoma (MA) of the kidney is a type of benign renal neoplasm.
Epidemiology
While it can present at any age 6, the peak age of occurrence is thought to be around the 5th to 6th decades 2. There may be a 2:1 female preponderance 2.
Clinical presentation
Metanephric adenoma is as...
Article
Renal sympathetic denervation
Renal sympathetic denervation (RSDN), also known as renal denervation, is an interventional procedure that uses radiofrequency ablation to destroy the nerve endings in the wall of the renal arteries. Endovascular (trans-catheter) techniques are an alternative to surgical sympathectomy.
Indicat...
Article
Ossifying renal tumor of infancy
Ossifying renal tumor of infancy (ORTI) is a rare renal tumor.
Epidemiology
extremely rare, <<1% of pediatric renal neoplasms (17 cases reported)
6 days - 3 months
male predominant
Pathology
Histology reveals spindle cells and osteoblastic cells in a calcified osteoid matrix. It is thought...
Article
Labia majora
The labia majora (singular: labium majus) form the anteroinferior most part of the vulva, they are continuous with the mons pubis anteriorly and the perineum posteriorly. The labia are apposed in the midline forming the, externally-visible, pudendal cleft.
Gross anatomy
The labia majora have ...
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