The forearm series for pediatrics comprises an anteroposterior and lateral projection. These projections examine the entire radius and ulna including the distal and proximal articulations.

Indications

Forearm x-rays are indicated for a variety of settings including:

• trauma

• bony tenderness

• suspected fracture

• obvious deformity

• suspected foreign body

• infection

Projections

Standard projections

• anteroposterior view

  • demonstrates radius and ulna in natural anatomical position

• lateral view

Modified trauma projections

Where patients are in a considerable amount of pain, these two projections may replace the standard projections instead to obtain diagnostic images of the radius and ulna whilst requiring little to no patient movement.

• posteroanterior view

  • demonstrates PA wrist distally and lateral elbow proximally

• horizontal beam lateral view

  • demonstrates lateral wrist distally and AP elbow proximally

Patient preparation

Patients should remove any jewelry or clothing over the arm to avoid artifact. 

Lead shielding

The use of lead shielding has been deemed as non-beneficial to patients' health in evidences ^1-3 and is no longer recommended for any pediatric extremity imaging. Statements have been released by several radiological societies supporting an end to this practice ^4-7, with the most comprehensive guidance statement on this matter being in an 86-page joint report ⁸.

Please see your local department protocols for further clarification as they may differ from these recommendations.

Tips for pediatric forearm radiography

The major difficulty in pediatric radiography relates to:

• motion artifact

To overcome this, a variety of techniques can be used ⁹:

• distract the patient with toys, games and/or conversation

• using the swaddling technique; wrap the child in a blanket to promote comfort and sleep

• have the child sit on the carer's lap to ensure they are comfortable

Immobilization techniques

Children will find it difficult to keep their arm still; particularly if the limb is injured. If an immobilization splint has not been provided to the patient, one option is to have a carer or radiographer hold the child's arm at their hand and proximal arm to prevent movement of the forearm.