Foreign body

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In medicine, a foreign body is any object lying partially or wholly within the body that originated in the external environment. Foreign body placement is voluntary or involuntary. Common voluntary acts will include cosmetic reasons, e.g. earrings (or other body piercings) and iatrogenic e.g. surgical clips; occasionally however the object has been inserted into natural and unnatural cavities for sexual or nefarious purposes. Conversely involuntary placement is usually as a result of an accident e.g. motor vehicle collisions, stepping on broken glass, gunshot wounds, or explosions ^1-7.

Rectal

Most rectal foreign bodies are inserted via the anus, although occasionally the foreign body has been ingested and has passed through to lie in the rectum. Commonly, rectal foreign bodies are used for sexual purposes ^1-3 . Rectal foreign bodies have a large variety from sex toys to light bulbs to vegetables.The main problem with this is the often delayed presentation due to the reluctance of patients to present to emergency departments. Patients may suffer from extraperitoneal mucosal injuries or suffer from a more severe complication such as perforation ^1-5.

Two plain radiographs are recommended to accurately demonstrate the size, shape and location of the rectal foreign body. This should be performed before a digital examination to prevent staff-related injuries from sharper foreign bodies.

Ingested

Ingested foreign bodies range from children putting whatever they want in their mouths, mental health ~~related~~-related issues of swallowing strange objects tobones stuck in the ~~throat~~pharynx or gastrointestinal tract. Coins account for 70% of paediatric ingested foreign bodies; coins will typically become ‘stuck’ at the level of the cricopharyngeus muscle ^8,14. Usually, coins visualised in the sagittal plane (acquired while entering through vocal cords) on anteroposterior radiographs are in the trachea, whereas coins in the oesophagus will have a coronal orientation on anteroposterior chest radiographs.

An important thing to consider when assessing coin-like objects is button batteries, button batteries may look like coins, yet they will have a slight step in profile with an inner ring on the AP. Button batteries can be potentially fatal when in contact with surrounding tissue as they can generate an electric current that will lead to the formation of sodium hydroxide resulting in severe, potentially fatal mucosal damage ^6,13,14.

Sharp ingested foreign bodies can be potentially problematic when lodged in the oesophagus, patients will often require emergency endoscopy, more often than not if the sharp object is within reach of endoscopy it will be removed before it progresses further ¹².Plastic bread clips are diagnostically challenging, the limited literature on this foreign body suggests they are invisible on both plain radiography and CT, and the rigid shape can cause bowel perforations or gastrointestinal haemorrhage ^15,16.

Soft tissue

Most soft tissue foreign bodies are involuntary, resulting from an accident. The most commonly reported soft tissue foreign bodies are glass, metal and splinters from wood ⁵. It is imperative to locate foreign bodies before they become infected or worse damage close by organs.

Metal, glass and stone can be visualised very well using conventional plain film radiography, ~~yet~~whereas more organic structures, such as wood, may require further imaging such as ultrasonography^5-7.

Aspirated

Commonly, aspirated foreign bodies will have a clear clinical correspondence: choking, coughing, neck pain or struggling to breathe. The right main bronchus is the most common site of obstruction due to the anatomy of the bronchial tree favouring the right side (larger diameter, more vertical orientation). Often two orthogonal plain radiographs are the primary investigation of choice ¹².

Drug packing

Drug packing is a well ~~documented~~-documented foreign body; it is also one of the most common recorded anal foreign bodies. Often drugs are concealed within condoms, foil, latex or cellophane, then swallowed or inserted anally or vaginally. These should be considered hazardous to the patient until evacuated due to the possibility of the concealment method rupturing.

Radiographic appearance

The investigation of foreign bodies relies heavily on radiology and every foreign body will have an optimal modality for investigation.

Plain radiography

The radiological appearance in plain radiography of foreign bodies is dependent on three factors: the x-ray attenuation of the foreign body, the surrounding structures and any overlying structures that may veil the object.

The anatomical location will not only affect the radiopacity of the suspected foreign body, but the rate of magnification as the object is placed further or closer to the detector, lateral cervical radiographs can have a magnification rate of up to 21.6% ^9-11.

-<p>In medicine, a <strong>foreign body</strong> is any object lying partially or wholly within the body that originated in the external environment. Foreign body placement is voluntary or involuntary. Common voluntary acts will include cosmetic reasons, e.g. earrings (or other body piercings) and iatrogenic e.g. surgical clips; occasionally however the object has been inserted into natural and unnatural cavities for sexual or nefarious purposes. Conversely involuntary placement is usually as a result of an accident e.g. motor vehicle collisions, stepping on broken glass, gunshot wounds, or explosions <sup>1-7</sup>.</p><h4>Rectal</h4><p>Most <a href="/articles/rectal-foreign-bodies">rectal foreign bodies</a> are inserted via the anus, although occasionally the foreign body has been ingested and has passed through to lie in the rectum. Commonly, rectal foreign bodies are used for sexual purposes <sup>1-3</sup> . Rectal foreign bodies have a large variety from sex toys to light bulbs to vegetables.The main problem with this is the often delayed presentation due to the reluctance of patients to present to emergency departments. Patients may suffer from extraperitoneal mucosal injuries or suffer from a more severe complication such as perforation <sup>1-5</sup>.</p><p>Two plain radiographs are recommended to accurately demonstrate the size, shape and location of the rectal foreign body. This should be performed before a digital examination to prevent staff-related injuries from sharper foreign bodies.</p><h4>Ingested</h4><p>Ingested foreign bodies range from children <a href="/articles/ingested-foreign-bodies-in-children-1">putting whatever they want</a> in their mouths, mental health related issues of swallowing strange objects to<a href="/articles/ingested-bones"> bones stuck in the throat or gastrointestinal tract</a>. Coins account for 70% of paediatric ingested foreign bodies; coins will typically become ‘stuck’ at the level of the cricopharyngeus muscle <sup>8,14</sup>. Usually, <strong>coins </strong>visualised in the sagittal plane (acquired while entering through vocal cords) on anteroposterior radiographs are in the <a href="/articles/trachea">trachea</a>, whereas coins in the<a href="/articles/oesophagus"> oesophagus</a> will have a coronal orientation on anteroposterior chest radiographs.</p><p>An important thing to consider when assessing coin-like objects is button batteries, button batteries may look like coins, yet they will have a slight step in profile with an inner ring on the AP. Button batteries can be potentially fatal when in contact with surrounding tissue as they can generate an electric current that will lead to the formation of sodium hydroxide resulting in severe, potentially fatal mucosal damage <sup>6,13,14</sup>.</p><p>Sharp ingested foreign bodies can be potentially problematic when lodged in the oesophagus, patients will often require emergency endoscopy, more often than not if the sharp object is within reach of endoscopy it will be removed before it progresses further <sup>12</sup>.<br><br>Plastic bread clips are diagnostically challenging, the limited literature on this foreign body suggests they are invisible on both plain radiography and CT, and the rigid shape can cause bowel perforations or gastrointestinal haemorrhage <sup>15,16</sup>.</p><h4>Soft tissue</h4><p>Most soft tissue foreign bodies are involuntary, resulting from an accident. The most commonly reported soft tissue foreign bodies are <a href="/articles/glass-foreign-bodies">glass</a>, metal and splinters from wood <sup>5</sup>. It is imperative to locate foreign bodies before they become infected or worse damage close by organs.</p><p>Metal, glass and stone can be visualised very well using conventional plain film radiography, yet more organic structures such as wood may require further imaging such as ultrasonography<sup> 5-7</sup>.</p><h4>Aspirated</h4><p>Commonly, aspirated foreign bodies will have a clear clinical correspondence: choking, coughing, neck pain or struggling to breathe. The right main bronchus is the most common site of obstruction due to the anatomy of the bronchial tree favouring the right side (larger diameter, more vertical orientation). Often two orthogonal plain radiographs are the primary investigation of choice <sup>12</sup>.</p><h4>Drug packing</h4><p><a href="/articles/body-packing-1">Drug packing</a> is a well documented foreign body; it is also one of the most common recorded anal foreign bodies Often drugs are concealed within condoms, foil, latex or cellophane, then swallowed or inserted anally or vaginally. These should be considered hazardous to the patient until evacuated due to the possibility of the concealment method rupturing.</p><h4>Radiographic appearance</h4><p>The investigation of foreign bodies relies heavily on radiology and every foreign body will have an optimal modality for investigation. </p><h5>Plain radiography</h5><p>The radiological appearance in plain radiography of foreign bodies is dependent on three factors: the x-ray attenuation of the foreign body, the surrounding structures and any overlying structures that may veil the object. </p><p>The anatomical location will not only affect the radiopacity of the suspected foreign body, but the rate of magnification as the object is placed further or closer to the detector, lateral cervical radiographs can have a magnification rate of up to 21.6% <sup>9-11</sup>.</p><h4>See also</h4><ul>
+<p>In medicine, a <strong>foreign body</strong> is any object lying partially or wholly within the body that originated in the external environment. Foreign body placement is voluntary or involuntary. Common voluntary acts will include cosmetic reasons, e.g. earrings (or other body piercings) and iatrogenic e.g. surgical clips; occasionally however the object has been inserted into natural and unnatural cavities for sexual or nefarious purposes. Conversely involuntary placement is usually as a result of an accident e.g. motor vehicle collisions, stepping on broken glass, gunshot wounds, or explosions <sup>1-7</sup>.</p><h4>Rectal</h4><p>Most <a href="/articles/rectal-foreign-bodies">rectal foreign bodies</a> are inserted via the anus, although occasionally the foreign body has been ingested and has passed through to lie in the rectum. Commonly, rectal foreign bodies are used for sexual purposes <sup>1-3</sup> . Rectal foreign bodies have a large variety from sex toys to light bulbs to vegetables.The main problem with this is the often delayed presentation due to the reluctance of patients to present to emergency departments. Patients may suffer from extraperitoneal mucosal injuries or suffer from a more severe complication such as perforation <sup>1-5</sup>.</p><p>Two plain radiographs are recommended to accurately demonstrate the size, shape and location of the rectal foreign body. This should be performed before a digital examination to prevent staff-related injuries from sharper foreign bodies.</p><h4>Ingested</h4><p>Ingested foreign bodies range from children <a href="/articles/ingested-foreign-bodies-in-children-1">putting whatever they want</a> in their mouths, mental health-related issues of swallowing strange objects to <a href="/articles/ingested-bones">bones stuck in the pharynx or gastrointestinal tract</a>. Coins account for 70% of paediatric ingested foreign bodies; coins will typically become ‘stuck’ at the level of the cricopharyngeus muscle <sup>8,14</sup>. Usually, <strong>coins </strong>visualised in the sagittal plane (acquired while entering through vocal cords) on anteroposterior radiographs are in the <a href="/articles/trachea">trachea</a>, whereas coins in the<a href="/articles/oesophagus"> oesophagus</a> will have a coronal orientation on anteroposterior chest radiographs.</p><p>An important thing to consider when assessing coin-like objects is button batteries, button batteries may look like coins, yet they will have a slight step in profile with an inner ring on the AP. Button batteries can be potentially fatal when in contact with surrounding tissue as they can generate an electric current that will lead to the formation of sodium hydroxide resulting in severe, potentially fatal mucosal damage <sup>6,13,14</sup>.</p><p>Sharp ingested foreign bodies can be potentially problematic when lodged in the oesophagus, patients will often require emergency endoscopy, more often than not if the sharp object is within reach of endoscopy it will be removed before it progresses further <sup>12</sup>.<br><br>Plastic bread clips are diagnostically challenging, the limited literature on this foreign body suggests they are invisible on both plain radiography and CT, and the rigid shape can cause bowel perforations or gastrointestinal haemorrhage <sup>15,16</sup>.</p><h4>Soft tissue</h4><p>Most soft tissue foreign bodies are involuntary, resulting from an accident. The most commonly reported soft tissue foreign bodies are <a href="/articles/glass-foreign-bodies">glass</a>, metal and splinters from wood <sup>5</sup>. It is imperative to locate foreign bodies before they become infected or worse damage close by organs.</p><p>Metal, glass and stone can be visualised very well using conventional plain film radiography, whereas more organic structures, such as wood, may require further imaging such as ultrasonography<sup> 5-7</sup>.</p><h4>Aspirated</h4><p>Commonly, aspirated foreign bodies will have a clear clinical correspondence: choking, coughing, neck pain or struggling to breathe. The right main bronchus is the most common site of obstruction due to the anatomy of the bronchial tree favouring the right side (larger diameter, more vertical orientation). Often two orthogonal plain radiographs are the primary investigation of choice <sup>12</sup>.</p><h4>Drug packing</h4><p><a href="/articles/body-packing-1">Drug packing</a> is a well-documented foreign body; it is also one of the most common recorded anal foreign bodies. Often drugs are concealed within condoms, foil, latex or cellophane, then swallowed or inserted anally or vaginally. These should be considered hazardous to the patient until evacuated due to the possibility of the concealment method rupturing.</p><h4>Radiographic appearance</h4><p>The investigation of foreign bodies relies heavily on radiology and every foreign body will have an optimal modality for investigation. </p><h5>Plain radiography</h5><p>The radiological appearance in plain radiography of foreign bodies is dependent on three factors: the x-ray attenuation of the foreign body, the surrounding structures and any overlying structures that may veil the object. </p><p>The anatomical location will not only affect the radiopacity of the suspected foreign body, but the rate of magnification as the object is placed further or closer to the detector, lateral cervical radiographs can have a magnification rate of up to 21.6% <sup>9-11</sup>.</p><h4>See also</h4><ul>

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(leg)","thumbnail":"https://prod-images-static.radiopaedia.org/images/53811086/IMG-0001-00003_big_gallery.jpeg","isStack":true,"diagnosticCertainty":"confirmed_substantiated"},{"imageId":53863612,"studyId":99138,"caseSlug":"migrating-airway-foreign-body","caption":"Case 44: migrating airway foreign body","thumbnail":"https://prod-images-static.radiopaedia.org/images/53863612/12_big_gallery.jpeg","isStack":false,"diagnosticCertainty":"confirmed_substantiated"},{"imageId":54793256,"studyId":105104,"caseSlug":"foreign-body-ingestion-6","caption":"Case 45: foreign body ingestion","thumbnail":"https://prod-images-static.radiopaedia.org/images/54793256/FB3_big_gallery.jpeg","isStack":false,"diagnosticCertainty":"confirmed_substantiated"},{"imageId":54803802,"studyId":105156,"caseSlug":"urethral-foreign-body-1","caption":"Case 46: urethral foreign body - rice-grain","thumbnail":"https://prod-images-static.radiopaedia.org/images/54803802/5_big_gallery.jpeg","isStack":true,"diagnosticCertainty":"confirmed_substantiated"},{"imageId":55297644,"studyId":108141,"caseSlug":"abdominal-foreign-body-bullet","caption":"Case 47: bullet","thumbnail":"https://prod-images-static.radiopaedia.org/images/55297644/110001_big_gallery.jpeg","isStack":false,"diagnosticCertainty":"confirmed_substantiated"},{"imageId":56684727,"studyId":115246,"caseSlug":"forearm-foreign-body-fish-bone","caption":"Case 48: forearm foreign body - fish bone","thumbnail":"https://prod-images-static.radiopaedia.org/images/56684727/145ca863d6003b5f041db6d68ee30ac716590df24503e8d4ab95a54aed6744cc_big_gallery.jpeg","isStack":false,"diagnosticCertainty":"confirmed_substantiated"},{"imageId":44657878,"studyId":73828,"caseSlug":"rhinolith-1","caption":"Case 49: rhinolith","thumbnail":"https://prod-images-static.radiopaedia.org/images/44657878/2bc1e16b2e194a96969ffb45ae062ec5f2ba9b1a8bd02c488470ca14e0746939_big_gallery.jpeg","isStack":true,"diagnosticCertainty":"confirmed_unsubstantiated"},{"imageId":56735137,"studyId":115481,"caseSlug":"tooth-in-oesophagus-and-stomach-from-intubation","caption":"Case 50: molar tooth in oesophagus from intubation","thumbnail":"https://prod-images-static.radiopaedia.org/images/56735137/0._big_gallery.jpeg","isStack":false,"diagnosticCertainty":"confirmed_substantiated"},{"imageId":2608971,"studyId":20399,"caseSlug":"swallowed-partial-dentures-lying-in-the-main-bronchus","caption":"Case 51: swallowed partial dentures lying in the main bronchus","thumbnail":"https://prod-images-static.radiopaedia.org/images/2608971/f1ca08340c7b562b502b5fa3099c01_big_gallery.jpg","isStack":false,"diagnosticCertainty":"confirmed_unsubstantiated"},{"imageId":59732957,"studyId":126908,"caseSlug":"safety-pin-in-esophagus","caption":"Case 52: safety pin","thumbnail":"https://prod-images-static.radiopaedia.org/images/59732957/236a08af7b9417f37601e2f9b5197747172108a24f6ed44a9695deb8d62ca269_big_gallery.jpeg","isStack":false,"diagnosticCertainty":"confirmed_substantiated"},{"imageId":59835529,"studyId":127345,"caseSlug":"laryngeal-foreign-body-1","caption":"Case 53: suction cup","thumbnail":"https://prod-images-static.radiopaedia.org/images/59835529/fb8e18f49bd6f9dfbbd728a615bff7e14abfb819ebedb92551ed8b43096783ef_big_gallery.jpeg","isStack":false,"diagnosticCertainty":"confirmed_substantiated"},{"imageId":62309902,"studyId":136497,"caseSlug":"tongue-and-lip-piercing","caption":"Case 54: tongue and lip piercing","thumbnail":"https://prod-images-static.radiopaedia.org/images/62309902/a638d148dff9f7b9010906fe63133a848b63be65670b4b09d55a58a32ba50910_big_gallery.jpeg","isStack":false,"diagnosticCertainty":"confirmed_substantiated"},{"imageId":60746779,"studyId":130690,"caseSlug":"nail-gun-injury-to-the-hand","caption":"Case 55: nail gun injury to the hand","thumbnail":"https://prod-images-static.radiopaedia.org/images/60746779/827cb39dd13f732a889d1ec19c0d709244e2bed15459319d4753a8e7d406add2_big_gallery.jpeg","isStack":false,"diagnosticCertainty":"confirmed_substantiated"},{"imageId":59708392,"studyId":126790,"caseSlug":"glass-foreign-body-in-the-knee","caption":"Case 56: glass foreign body in the knee","thumbnail":"https://prod-images-static.radiopaedia.org/images/59708392/cae15a3130bece337c89e6dd807cda45487441968f919be055aeeb1c8b0fc308_big_gallery.jpeg","isStack":false,"diagnosticCertainty":"confirmed_substantiated"},{"imageId":60289494,"studyId":129192,"caseSlug":"gossypiboma-neck-2","caption":"Case 57: gossypiboma - neck","thumbnail":"https://prod-images-static.radiopaedia.org/images/60289494/4b314b54cb11164e051d798aa52702ec2c76cc5bff966bad33a93afced60e283_big_gallery.jpeg","isStack":false,"diagnosticCertainty":"confirmed_substantiated"},{"imageId":62580307,"studyId":137683,"caseSlug":"pitchfork-penetration","caption":"Case 58: pitchfork penetration","thumbnail":"https://prod-images-static.radiopaedia.org/images/62580307/c20b04de092aad812e2312cf6f39fcbbd1cf5bcf613a7215cea69d360872f580_big_gallery.jpeg","isStack":false,"diagnosticCertainty":"confirmed_substantiated"},{"imageId":62838619,"studyId":138818,"caseSlug":"nape-piercing","caption":"Case 59: nape piercing","thumbnail":"https://prod-images-static.radiopaedia.org/images/62838619/21d3380456a4ff1d2f1c4f7d8415412678cba0c8f0a3c109d2ea0efe73c5dae1_big_gallery.jpeg","isStack":false,"diagnosticCertainty":"confirmed_substantiated"},{"imageId":62838769,"studyId":138819,"caseSlug":"foreign-body-in-the-urinary-bladder","caption":"Case 60: urethral sound","thumbnail":"https://prod-images-static.radiopaedia.org/images/62838769/233232102c7473bfc52a5573a5b1dcb97a966aaa7817af2a0e86c6baedcab810_big_gallery.jpeg","isStack":true,"diagnosticCertainty":"confirmed_substantiated"},{"imageId":63408864,"studyId":141191,"caseSlug":"intraoral-chewable-foreign-body","caption":"Case 61: intraoral chewable foreign body","thumbnail":"https://prod-images-static.radiopaedia.org/images/63408864/1ac22df460cc575a2a52a6b844801c0d832d7969f125f16b323e811cb325a6af_big_gallery.jpeg","isStack":true,"diagnosticCertainty":"confirmed_substantiated"},{"imageId":63392972,"studyId":141134,"caseSlug":"zygomaticomaxillary-complex-fracture-and-chewable-intraoral-foreign-body-1","caption":"Case 61: zygomaticomaxillary complex fracture and chewable intraoral foreign body","thumbnail":"https://prod-images-static.radiopaedia.org/images/63392972/652713ff268b214e033a2e1bb96d3023536efcc15c904da05504204de029603b_big_gallery.jpeg","isStack":true,"diagnosticCertainty":"confirmed_substantiated"},{"imageId":63392228,"studyId":141130,"caseSlug":"mechanical-small-bowel-obstruction-caused-by-a-foreign-body-vitamin-supplements-1","caption":"Case 62: mechanical small bowel obstruction caused by a foreign body (vitamin supplements)","thumbnail":"https://prod-images-static.radiopaedia.org/images/63392228/8a6b8fb3a7381bac6e672e18b256ef239a975c49c8e944cbf1620f095d0c5c81_big_gallery.jpeg","isStack":true,"diagnosticCertainty":"confirmed_substantiated"},{"imageId":62715532,"studyId":138323,"caseSlug":"swallowed-foreign-body-4","caption":"Case 63: swallowed dentures","thumbnail":"https://prod-images-static.radiopaedia.org/images/62715532/1cc128522d394d623074a0c73294fb8422942b01483d8d54eb647ea7d98cd074_big_gallery.jpeg","isStack":false,"diagnosticCertainty":"confirmed_substantiated"},{"imageId":64931273,"studyId":147126,"caseSlug":"foreign-bodies-finger","caption":"Case 64: foreign bodies (finger)","thumbnail":"https://prod-images-static.radiopaedia.org/images/64931273/f81d29aa5b4f9d67ac575cd66352b932c10565ae30959dde30b91c1c6eb3d0bf_big_gallery.jpeg","isStack":true,"diagnosticCertainty":"confirmed_substantiated"}],"ddx_inclusions":[],"lang":"gb"}