Primary hyperaldosteronism

Primary hyperaldosteronism (PHA) isis a condition of excess aldosterone production and occurs secondary to adrenal cortical adenoma, bilateral adrenal hyperplasia, or rarely, adrenal carcinoma. When PHAprimary hyperaldosteronism is due to aldosterone-producing adenoma it is called Conn syndrome ^2,3,9. Differentiation between the causes is required to avoid unnecessary surgery. 

Clinical presentation

Primary hyperaldosteronism typically presents with diastolic hypertension, metabolic alkalosis, and hypokalaemia. Other symptoms include muscular weakness, paresthesiasparaesthesias, headache, polyuria, and polydipsia. Oedema is rare in these patients. 

Pathology

Primary hyperaldosteronism is distinguished from secondary hyperaldosteronism by measurement of serum renin:

• primary: low renin levels
• secondary: high renin levels

Aetiology

Primary hyperaldosteronism is due to bilateral nodular adrenal hyperplasia in about 60% of cases, an autonomous solitary adrenal cortical adenoma (i.e. Conn syndrome) in about 35%, with an adrenal carcinoma being a rare cause ⁸.

Excess secretion of aldosterone can also occur in renin-related hypertension (secondary hyperaldosteronism). 

Markers

The aldosterone level tends to increase and the aldosterone-to-renin ratio is also increased.

The biochemical analysis may also demonstrate hypokalaemia, which may be the first clue to the diagnosis of aldosteronoma in a patient being evaluated for hypertension. The baseline plasma aldosterone is usually greater than 20 g/dL.

Radiographic features

Adrenal adenomas in Conn syndrome tend to be unilateral (95%) quite small, often ~2 cm (range 1-5 cm) in diameter, and can be a challenge to detect, even by CT or MR imaging.

Selective adrenal arteriography, venous sampling, adrenal phlebography, radionuclide studies and CT scans are helpful in diagnosis. 

CT

• aldosteronomas are homogeneous and often hypodense, with an attenuation value near that of water (<10 HU)
• none or minimal contrast enhancement
• rarely calcify
• detects 70% of aldosteronomas, although small lesions may be missed
• if CT findings are negative, selective adrenal venous sampling for aldosterone or a dexamethasone suppressed iodocholesterol adrenal scan may identify the lesion

Angiography

Adrenal venous sampling to assay aldosterone serum via selective catheterizationcatheterisation of both adrenal veins, may still only be helpful in ~50% of cases. 

Treatment and prognosis

If a solitary adrenal mass is detected, surgical adrenalectomy will correct hypertension in 75-90% of cases. Bilateral adrenalectomy in patients with hyperplasia is not usually an effective treatment and results in adrenal insufficiency and is usually treated medically, making the differentiation between the aetiologies necessary, to avoid unnecessary surgery. 

History and etymology

It is named after Jerome W Conn (1907-1994), an American endocrinologist, who described the condition in 1955 ^4,6. Although it was a Polish physician, Michał Lityński (1906-1989), who first described a case in 1953 ⁶. This is one of many examples of Stigler's law of eponymy, that an eponym is never named after the original discover of a condition ⁷.

Conn first described a 34-year-old woman who had "a peculiar constellation of clinical and laboratory signs," including hypertension, hyperaldosteronism, reduced renin, hypokalaemia, hypernatraemia, metabolic alkalosis, and osmotic and neuromuscular symptoms ⁴. The surgical excision of a 4 cm right adrenal adenoma in this patient corrected all clinical and biochemical problems ⁴.

See also

• adrenal adenoma