Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
More than 200 results
Article
Basal cell carcinoma
A basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is one of the commonest non-melanocytic types of skin cancer.
Epidemiology
Typically present in elderly fair-skinned patients in the 7th to 8th decades of life. There may be an increased male predilection.
Associations
Multiple basal cell carcinomas may be prese...
Article
Retiform haemangioendothelioma
Retiform haemangioendotheliomas or hobnail haemangioendotheliomas are intermediate locally aggressive and rarely metastasising vascular neoplasms with a distinctive hobnail endothelial cell morphology.
Epidemiology
Retiform haemangioendotheliomas are rare with <100 cases reported in the litera...
Article
Pineocytoma
Pineocytomas are relatively benign (WHO grade 1) pineal parenchymal tumours that have a relatively good prognosis.
On imaging, they generally appear as a well-demarcated tumour less than 3 cm in its greatest dimension, iso- to hyperattenuating on CT, hypo- to isointense on T1, and hyperintense ...
Article
Lesser sac hernia
Lesser sac hernias (alternative plural: herniae) are a type of internal hernia, where abdominal contents protrude through the foramen of Winslow, hence they are also known as foramen of Winslow hernia.
Epidemiology
Lesser sac hernias are rare, accounting for <0.1% of abdominal hernias and 8% ...
Article
Breast ultrasound
Breast ultrasound is an important modality in breast imaging. It is the usual initial breast imaging modality in those under 30 years of age in many countries ref.
In assessing for malignancy, it is important to remember that one must use the most suspicious feature of three modalities (patholo...
Article
Modiolus (mouth)
The modiolus (plural: modioli), also known as the modiolus anguli oris or commissural modiolus, is a small fibromuscular structure at the corner of the mouth where fibres from multiple facial muscles converge, and helps coordinate the action of these muscles.
Gross anatomy
The convergence of t...
Article
Kimura disease
Kimura disease, also known historically as eosinophilic hyperplastic lymphogranuloma, is a rare benign inflammatory disease that characteristically manifests as enlargement of cervical lymph nodes and salivary glands.
Epidemiology
Kimura disease typically affects males (80%) between 20-40 year...
Article
Lemierre syndrome
Lemierre syndrome, also known as postanginal septicaemia, refers to thrombophlebitis of the internal jugular vein(s) with distant metastatic anaerobic septicaemia in the setting of initial bacterial oropharyngeal infection such as pharyngitis/tonsillitis into lateral pharyngeal spaces of the nec...
Article
Miliary lung nodules (mnemonic)
The list of differential diagnoses for miliary lung nodules can be recalled with the mnemonic:
TEMPEST
Mnemonic
TEMPEST
T: tuberculosis
E: eosinophilic granuloma
M: metastases (especially thyroid)
P: pneumoconiosis
E: extrinsic allergic alveolitis (now known as hypersensitivity pneumonit...
Article
Cervical rib
Cervical ribs are supernumerary or accessory ribs arising from the seventh cervical vertebra. They occur in ~0.5% of the population, are usually bilateral, but often asymmetric 2, and are more common in females.
Related pathology
Although cervical ribs are usually asymptomatic, they are the mo...
Article
Ductus deferens
The ductus deferens (plural: ductus deferentes), formerly known as the vas deferens (plural: vasa deferentia), forms part of the male internal genitalia where it transports sperm from the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct.
Terminology
In modern anatomic nomenclature, it is no longer referred ...
Article
Multinodular goitre
Multinodular goitre (MNG) is defined as an enlarged thyroid gland (i.e. goitre) due to multiple nodules which may have normal, decreased or increased function.
Terminology
When increased activity and hyperthyroidism are present then the condition is referred to as a toxic multinodular goitre ...
Article
Lung cancer (staging - IASLC 7th edition) (historical)
The IASLC (International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer) 7th edition lung cancer staging system was proposed in 2010 and has now been updated and superseded by the 8th edition, published in 2016.
Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) used to be staged di...
Article
Brainstem glioma
Brainstem gliomas are primary tumours most frequently involving the pons and are typically diagnosed in children.
Terminology
Brainstem glioma is not a formal diagnosis but rather a catch-all term encompassing a heterogeneous group that varies greatly in histology and prognosis. It was useful,...
Article
Primary cutaneous melanoma
Primary cutaneous melanoma is the most common subtype of melanoma, a malignant neoplasm that arises from melanocytes. Melanocytes predominantly occur in the basal layer of the epidermis but do occur elsewhere in the body. Primary cutaneous melanoma is by far the most common type of primary melan...
Article
Azygos vein
The azygos vein is a unilateral vessel that ascends in the thorax to the right of the vertebral column, carrying deoxygenated blood from the posterior chest and abdominal walls. It forms part of the azygos venous system.
Terminology
The spelling azygous when referring to the vein is incorrect,...
Article
Epipericardial fat necrosis
Epipericardial fat necrosis (also sometimes purely categorised as pericardial fat necrosis or epicardial fat necrosis) is a rare self-limiting cause of acute pleuritic pain in an otherwise healthy individual, without fever or cough. It occurs external to the pericardium.
Clinical presentation
...
Article
Stove-in chest
A stove-in chest is a rare and complex type of flail chest injury where the flail segment collapses into the chest. It is usually due to severe blunt trauma to the chest wall and is rarely encountered in imaging or emergency medicine due to the high mortality at the scene. It may evolve over day...
Article
Peripartum/postpartum cardiomyopathy
Peripartum/postpartum cardiomyopathy is a dilated cardiomyopathy that may occur in the last trimester of pregnancy through the first several months postpartum.
Epidemiology
The estimated incidence in the United States ranges from one in 900 to one in 4000 live births, with an increased inciden...
Article
Hair artifact
Hair artifact and hair-product artifacts are artifacts produced by the presence of the patient's hair, hair accessories (e.g. hair clip) and hair products (e.g. shampoo) within the field of view during acquisition of an image, which can affect all modalities to varying degrees. For example, in m...
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