Congenital cardiovascular anomalies
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Congenital cardiovascular anomalies are relatively common, with an incidence of up to 1% if small muscular VSDs are included. As a group, there is a much greater frequency in syndromic infants and in those that are stillborn.
Pathology
These defects as a group have a geterogenousheterogeneous aetiology with many resulting from an interplay between both genetic and environmental factors.
Sub typesSubtypes
A list of anomalies and their approximate frequencies are given below:
- ventricular septal defect (VSD): 40%
- atrial septal defect (ASD): 10%
- congenital pulmonary stenosis: 8 %
- patent ductus arteriosus (PDA): 7%
- transposition of the great arteries (TGA): 7%
- tetralogy of Fallot (TOF): 5%
- coarctation of the aorta: 5%
- atrioventricular septal defect (AVSD): 4%
- congenital aortic stenosis: 4%
- hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS): 4%
- double outlet right ventricle (DORV): 2%
- interrupted aortic arch(IAA): 1.5%
- truncus arteriosus: 1%
- total anomalous pulmonary venous return (TAPVR): 1%
- tricuspid atresia: 1%
- pulmonary atresia: ?
- Ebstein anomaly: 0.7%
- Bland-White-Garland syndrome: ~0.5%
- cor triatriatum: ~0.1%
- partial anomalous pulmonary venous return (PAPVR): 0.5%
- double outlet left ventricle (DOLV): ?
- aortopulmonary septal defect: <1%
Other valvular anomalies
Percentages may not necessary add up to a 100 due to overlap and simultaneous occurrence of anomaliesabnormalities.
Associations
Congenital cardiac anomalies can be found with many aneuploidic conditions which include:
- trisomy 18: up to 90% can have cardiac anomalies
- trisomy 13: up to 90%
- trisomy 21: up to 50%
- Turner syndrome: up to 40%
-<p><strong>Congenital cardiovascular anomalies</strong> are relatively common, with an incidence of up to 1% if small muscular VSDs are included. As a group there is a much greater frequency in syndromic infants and in those that are stillborn. </p><h4>Pathology</h4><p>These defects as group have a geterogenous aetiology with many resulting from an interplay between both genetic and environmental factors.</p><h5>Sub types</h5><p>A list of anomalies and their approximate frequencies are given below:</p><ul>- +<p><strong>Congenital cardiovascular anomalies</strong> are relatively common, with an incidence of up to 1% if small muscular VSDs are included. As a group, there is a much greater frequency in syndromic infants and in those that are stillborn. </p><h4>Pathology</h4><p>These defects as a group have a heterogeneous aetiology with many resulting from an interplay between both genetic and environmental factors.</p><h5>Subtypes</h5><p>A list of anomalies and their approximate frequencies are given below:</p><ul>
-<a href="/articles/interrupted-aortic-arch-iaa">interrupted aortic arch (IAA)</a>: 1.5%</li>- +<a href="/articles/interrupted-aortic-arch-iaa">interrupted aortic arch (IAA)</a>: 1.5%</li>
-<a href="/articles/pulmonary-atresia">pulmonary atresia</a>: ?</li>- +<a href="/articles/pulmonary-artery-atresia">pulmonary atresia</a>: ?</li>
- +<li>
- +<a title="Aortopulmonary septal defects" href="/articles/aortopulmonary-septal-defect-1">aortopulmonary septal defect</a>: <1%</li>
-</ul><p>Percentages may not necessary add up to a 100 due to overlap and simultaneous occurrence of anomalies.</p><h5>Associations</h5><p>Congenital cardiac anomalies can be found with many aneuploidic conditions which include:</p><ul>- +</ul><p>Percentages may not necessary add up to a 100 due to overlap and simultaneous occurrence of abnormalities.</p><h5>Associations</h5><p>Congenital cardiac anomalies can be found with many aneuploidic conditions which include:</p><ul>
-<a href="/articles/edward-syndrome">trisomy 18</a>: up to 90% can have cardiac anomalies</li>- +<a href="/articles/edwards-syndrome-1">trisomy 18</a>: up to 90% can have cardiac anomalies</li>