Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
More than 200 results
Article
Muscle hernia
Muscle hernias, also known as myofascial defects, are most commonly found in the lower extremities.
Clinical presentation
Muscle hernias are typically asymptomatic, although can cause cramping sensations or pain, with or after activity. They may also present as a palpable mass, and be referred...
Article
Normal kidney size (children)
The normal size of kidneys in children follows a growth curve and is closely related to the age and size of the child. Ethnic differences have also been shown, which may be an important consideration when interpreting measurements against a reference range 4.
In infants median (normal range bet...
Article
Herlyn-Werner-Wunderlich syndrome
Herlyn-Werner-Wunderlich (HWW) syndrome, is a rare anomaly characterized by Müllerian duct anomalies (MDA) associated with mesonephric duct anomalies 3. This entity is also known as obstructed hemivagina and ipsilateral renal anomaly (OHVIRA). It is not to be confused with the Wunderlich syndrom...
Article
Hepatic vascular and perfusion disorders
Hepatic vascular and perfusion disorders are a broad group of conditions that radiologists should be familiar with, as some of them are quite frequently seen in the daily practice. The aim of this article is to be a collection of articles that represent the core knowledge in the matter.
Patholo...
Article
Hepatic abscess
Hepatic abscesses, like abscesses elsewhere, are localized collections of necrotic inflammatory tissue caused by bacterial, parasitic, or fungal agents.
Epidemiology
The frequency of individual infective agents as causes of liver abscesses are intimately linked to the demographics of the affe...
Article
Pectus excavatum
Pectus excavatum, also known as funnel chest or trichterbrust 13, is a congenital chest wall deformity characterized by concave depression of the sternum, resulting in cosmetic and radiographic alterations.
Epidemiology
It is the most common chest wall deformity, accounting for approximately 9...
Article
Primary amenorrhea
Primary amenorrhea is defined as absence of menses by 14 years of age in the absence of growth or development of secondary sexual characteristics or absence of menses by 16 years of age regardless of the presence of normal growth and development including secondary sexual characteristics 1.
Pat...
Article
Spinal vascular malformations
Spinal vascular malformations are a rare but important group of lesions that range widely in size, flow, and pathophysiology. Some, if undiagnosed and untreated, can lead to serious complications.
Although numerous classification systems exist, from the point of view of routine clinical practic...
Article
Spinal dural arteriovenous fistula
Spinal dural arteriovenous fistulas (SDAVF) are the most common type of spinal vascular malformation, accounting for ~70% of all such lesions.
This article specifically relates to spinal dural arteriovenous fistulas. For a discussion of intracranial dural arteriovenous fistulas refer to the mai...
Article
Hysterosalpingogram
A hysterosalpingogram (HSG) is a fluoroscopic examination of the uterus and the fallopian tubes, most commonly used in the investigation of infertility or recurrent spontaneous abortions.
Indications
infertility: to assess uterine morphology and tubal patency
Contraindications
pregnancy
act...
Article
Acute non-traumatic abdominal pain in pregnancy
Acute non-traumatic abdominal pain in pregnancy requires a considered imaging approach due to the increased risks of fetal demise associated with undiagnosed diseases such as perforated acute appendicitis. Ultrasound is the first-line modality due to its wide availability and ability to diagnose...
Article
Small bowel obstruction
Small bowel obstruction (SBO) refers to mechanical blockage of the transit of intestinal contents through the small bowel. CT in particular plays a key role in the diagnosis and can help identify the cause of obstruction and assess for potential complications.
Terminology
The degree of obstruc...
Article
Varicocele
Varicocele is the dilatation of the pampiniform plexus of veins, a network of many small veins found in the male spermatic cord. It is the most frequently encountered mass of the spermatic cord.
Epidemiology
The estimated incidence is at ~15% of the general male population and ~40% of subferti...
Article
Cavernous sinus
The cavernous sinuses are paired dural venous sinuses.
Gross anatomy
The cavernous sinus is located on either side of the pituitary fossa and body of the sphenoid bone. It is most easily thought of as existing between the endosteal and meningeal layers of the dura although some additional com...
Article
McCleery syndrome
McCleery syndrome is a subtype of venous thoracic outlet syndrome with symptoms resulting from compression of the subclavian vein without thrombosis (in contrast to Paget-Schroetter syndrome).
Clinical presentation
Patients with McCleery syndrome present with intermittent obstruction of the s...
Article
White epidermoid cyst
White epidermoids are a rare type of epidermoid cyst that do not follow the usual near-CSF density and signal intensity on CT and MR, respectively.
Terminology
The term “white epidermoid cyst” does not denote a variant; it represents a distinct transformation within an epidermoid cyst due to l...
Article
Medulloblastoma, SHH-activated
Medulloblastoma, sonic hedgehog (SHH) activated tumors are malignant tumors of the central nervous system. They are the second most common medulloblastoma group, divided according to TP53 mutation status into TP53-wildtype and TP53-mutant that are distinct entities differing in their molecular, ...
Article
Cavernous sinus thrombosis
Cavernous sinus thrombosis (CST), the presence of thrombus in the cavernous sinus, is a rare condition, most commonly infectious in nature, and the diagnosis on imaging is not always straightforward. It has high mortality and morbidity rates.
Epidemiology
Cavernous sinus thrombosis is rare, wi...
Article
Spatial resolution (CT)
Spatial resolution in CT is the ability to differentiate two adjacent objects or structures as being distinct from each other.
A high spatial resolution is important for one to discriminate between structures that are located within close proximity to each other.
Factors affecting CT spatial ...
Article
Coccygeus muscle
The coccygeus muscle, also known as the ischiococcygeus muscle, is a remnant muscle of the pelvic floor.
Gross anatomy
The coccygeus is a paired muscle which is triangular in shape and overlies the sacrospinous ligament. The coccygeus lies parallel to the inferior border of the piriformis musc...
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