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Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.

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Your first case - 5-minute step by step guide for beginners

Case selection Start with a simple case with an established diagnosis if possible. Educational value is most important; Radiopaedia is a global learning and teaching resource. The best cases are selected for 'Case of the Day'! High quality images are essential; DICOM is preferred. Protect ...

Diffuse tenosynovial giant cell tumor

Diffuse tenosynovial giant cell tumor, previously known as pigmented villonodular synovitis (PVNS), is an uncommon benign condition. It is most commonly monoarticular (~70% in the knee joint), but can occasionally be polyarticular. Please see the overview article tenosynovial giant cell tumor ...

Testicular yolk sac tumor

Testicular yolk sac tumor, also known as endodermal sinus tumor of the testis, is the most common childhood testicular tumor (80%), with most cases occurring before the age of two years 1. In adults, pure yolk sac tumor is extremely rare, however mixed germ cell tumor is commonly seen. Patholog...

Thalassemia

Thalassemia is an autosomal recessive hemoglobinopathy first described in the Mediterranean region. The genetic defect causes a reduction in the rate of globin chain synthesis which causes the formation of abnormal hemoglobin molecules. The resultant microcytic anemia is the characteristic prese...

Sickle cell disease

Sickle cell disease (SCD) (historically also known as drepanocytosis) is a hereditary (autosomal recessive) condition resulting in the formation of abnormal hemoglobin (a hemoglobinopathy), which manifests as multisystem ischemia and infarction, as well as hemolytic anemia. Hemoglobin SC (HbSC...

POEMS syndrome

POEMS syndrome is the acronymic name for a rare multisystem paraneoplastic disorder including the following features: P: polyneuropathy O: organomegaly E: endocrinopathy M: monoclonal gammopathy S: skin changes Clinical presentation The clinical presentation may be broader than just what ...

Spinal arachnoid cyst

Spinal arachnoid cysts are relatively uncommon and may be either intradural (type III meningeal cyst) or extradural (type IA meningeal cyst). This article specifically focuses on spinal arachnoid cysts. For a general discussion of arachnoid cysts, refer to the main article: arachnoid cyst. Epi...

Primary renal neoplasia

Primary renal neoplasia as a whole was reviewed and updated by the Genitourinary Pathology Society (GUPS) in 2019 3. Recent advances in the histological and molecular evaluation of tumors has shed light on pathogenesis and distinctions between tumors, some of which are now more accurately unders...

Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder

Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) is a severe demyelinating diseases, which in seropositive cases, is caused by an autoantibody to the aquaporin-4 (AQP4) water channel. The classic presentation of NMOSD is with the triad of bilateral optic neuritis, longitudinally extensive myelitis...

Spontaneous intracranial hypotension

Intracranial hypotension, also known as craniospinal hypotension is a clinical entity that results from a cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak that almost without exception occurs from the spine, either into the epidural space or directly into veins in the setting of CSF-venous fistulas. It usually, b...

CSF-lymphatic fistula

CSF-lymphatic fistulas are a very rare, and possibly underdiagnosed, cause of spontaneous intracranial hypotension. They describe a direct communication between the spinal subarachnoid space and lymphatic vessels, allowing for the loss of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) directly into the lymphatic sys...

Ptosis

Ptosis, or blepharoptosis, describes a drooping or falling of the upper eyelid. Generally, complete ptosis is due to complete oculomotor nerve palsy, causing levator palpebrae superioris muscle weakness, while partial ptosis is due to a dysfunction of the sympathetic pathway leading to weakness ...

Leber hereditary optic neuropathy

Leber hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) is a mitochondrial genetic disorder characterized by bilateral, progressive, central vision loss secondary to loss of the retinal ganglionic cell layer 1,2. It is considered the most common mitochondrial disorder caused by mutation to mitochondrial DNA (m...

Traumatic posterior fossa subdural hematoma in neonates

Traumatic posterior fossa subdural hematoma (TPFSH) in neonates is a traumatic complication at birth. It is extremely rare. Although traumatic posterior fossa subdural hematoma is a very rare condition, it is clinically critical as it may compress the ventricular system or the brainstem and can ...

Shepherd crook deformity

A shepherd crook deformity refers to a coxa varus angulation of the proximal femur, classically seen in femoral involvement by fibrous dysplasia, although may be seen in other disorders such as Paget disease of bone and osteogenesis imperfecta. History and etymology The shape of the proximal f...

Meckel diverticulum

Meckel diverticulum is a congenital intestinal diverticulum due to fibrous degeneration of the umbilical end of the omphalomesenteric (vitelline) duct that occurs around the distal ileum. It is considered the most common structural congenital anomaly of the gastrointestinal tract. Some of the fe...

Haglund syndrome

Haglund syndrome refers to the triad (Haglund triad) of: insertional Achilles tendinopathy retrocalcaneal bursitis Haglund deformity (i.e. posterosuperior calcaneal exostosis) Terminology Haglund syndrome is a painful condition of the heel and its diagnosis requires a combination of clinica...

Acrania anencephaly sequence

Acrania anencephaly sequence or acrania–exencephaly–anencephaly sequence is the progression from a relatively normal-appearing exposed brain due to an absent cranium (acrania) to an amorphous brain mass (exencephaly) to no recognisable brain tissue (anencephaly) 1. Epidemiology The acrania ane...

Posterior cranial fossa

The posterior cranial fossa is the most posterior aspect of the skull base, housing the brainstem and cerebellum. It is also the largest and deepest of the three cranial fossae 1. Gross anatomy The following structures are present from anterior to posterior: internal acoustic meatus foramen ...

Pectus excavatum

Pectus excavatum, also known as funnel chest or trichterbrust 13, is a congenital chest wall deformity characterized by concave depression of the sternum, resulting in cosmetic and radiographic alterations. Epidemiology It accounts for 90% of chest wall deformities, occurring in up to 1 in 300...

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