Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
More than 200 results
Article
Anterior labroligamentous periosteal sleeve avulsion lesion
An anterior labroligamentous periosteal sleeve avulsion (ALPSA) lesion is similar to a Bankart lesion, in that it too is usually due to anterior shoulder dislocation and involves the anterior inferior labrum.
Epidemiology
It is often the result of chronic injury rather than acute dislocation;...
Article
Traumatic posterior fossa subdural hematoma in neonates
Traumatic posterior fossa subdural hematoma (TPFSH) in neonates is a traumatic complication at birth. It is extremely rare. Although traumatic posterior fossa subdural hematoma is a very rare condition, it is clinically critical as it may compress the ventricular system or the brainstem and can ...
Article
Pectus excavatum
Pectus excavatum, also known as funnel chest or trichterbrust 13, is a congenital chest wall deformity characterized by concave depression of the sternum, resulting in cosmetic and radiographic alterations.
Epidemiology
It accounts for 90% of chest wall deformities, occurring in up to 1 in 300...
Article
Cystic lesions around vagina and female urethra
There are numerous cystic lesions that occur around the vagina and female urethra.
Differential diagnosis
urethral diverticulum
Gartner duct cyst: at or above the level of the pubic symphysis anterior to the vaginal wall
Bartholin gland cyst: posterolateral to distal vaginal wall inferior to...
Article
Ecchordosis physaliphora
Ecchordosis physaliphora is a congenital benign hamartomatous lesion derived from notochord remnants, usually located in the retroclival prepontine region, but can be found anywhere from the skull base to the sacrum.
Terminology
There has been some controversy as to whether intradural chordom...
Article
Primary renal neoplasia
Primary renal neoplasia as a whole was reviewed and updated by the Genitourinary Pathology Society (GUPS) in 2019 3. Recent advances in the histological and molecular evaluation of tumors has shed light on pathogenesis and distinctions between tumors, some of which are now more accurately unders...
Article
Clear cell renal cell carcinoma
Clear cell renal cell carcinoma is the most common type of renal cell carcinoma.
Epidemiology
The average age of onset of sporadic clear cell renal carcinoma is 61 years. In cases associated with von Hippel-Lindau disease, the average age of onset is 37 years 1.
Clinical presentation
Patien...
Article
Metastases to the thyroid
Metastases to the thyroid are an uncommon cause of thyroid malignancy.
Epidemiology
Metastases to the thyroid represent 1.4-3% of all malignancies 5. In autopsy series, the incidence is ~10% (range 2-24%) 1,5.
Pathology
The most common sites of primary malignancy include (note these will v...
Article
Incomplete border sign (chest)
The incomplete border sign is useful to depict an extrapulmonary mass on chest radiograph.
An extrapulmonary mass will often have an inner well-defined border and an ill-defined outer margin 1-3. This can be attributed to the inner margin being tangential to the x-ray beam and having a good inh...
Article
Dense hilum sign
The dense hilum sign suggests a pathological process at the hilum or in the lung anterior or posterior to the hilum. Malignancy, especially lung cancer, should be suspected. ICU patients may aspirate following extubation, typically into segment B6, overlying the hilum (B6 bronchus sign 5).
Radi...
Article
CT head (protocol)
CT head, also known as CT brain, refers to a computed tomography (CT) examination of the brain and surrounding cranial structures. It is most commonly performed as a non-contrast study, but the addition of a contrast-enhanced phase is performed for some indications.
This article covers non-cont...
Article
Bartholin gland cyst
Bartholin gland cysts (often shortened to Bartholin cysts) are cysts of the Bartholin gland, found in the posterolateral inferior third of the vagina and are associated with the labia majora.
Clinical presentation
Most patients are asymptomatic 4.
Complications
infection: may turn into Barth...
Article
Variant anatomy of the aortic arch
Variant anatomy of the aortic arch occurs when there is failure of normal aortic development. It results in a number of heterogenous anomalies of the aorta and its branch vessels.
Gross anatomy
Normally, the aorta ascends in the superior mediastinum to the level of the sternal notch before arc...
Article
Bovine arch
Bovine arch is the most common variant of the aortic arch and occurs when the brachiocephalic (innominate) artery shares a common origin with the left common carotid artery.
Epidemiology
A bovine arch is present in ~15% (range 8-27%) of the population and is more common in individuals of Afri...
Article
Mean glandular dose
The mean glandular dose (MGD) is an estimate of the average absorbed dose to the glandular tissues of a breast during mammography. It is measured in Gray (Gy).
The most commonly accepted method of calculating the mean glandular dose is described by Dance et al (2000):
...
Article
Renal cell carcinoma
Renal cell carcinomas (RCC) (historically also known as hypernephroma or Grawitz tumor) are primary malignant adenocarcinomas derived from the renal tubular epithelium and are the most common malignant renal tumor. They usually occur in 50-70-year old patients and macroscopic hematuria occurs in...
Article
Transverse myelitis
Transverse myelitis, also known as acute transverse myelitis, is an inflammatory condition affecting both halves (ventral and dorsal) of the spinal cord and associated with rapidly progressive motor, sensory, and autonomic dysfunction.
MRI is the most useful imaging modality, which generally sh...
Article
Uterosacral ligament
The paired uterosacral ligaments are one of the supporting structures of the uterus. Uterosacral ligaments are not infrequently affected in cases of deep infiltrating endometriosis.
Gross anatomy
The paired uterosacral ligaments are extraperitoneal structures which extend posteriorly from the ...
Article
Halo sign (chest)
The halo sign in chest imaging is a feature seen on lung window settings consisting of ground glass opacity surrounding a pulmonary nodule, mass, or consolidation. It is typically seen in angioinvasive aspergillosis.
Pathology
It is a non-specific finding which can represent partial alveolar f...
Article
White epidermoid cyst
White epidermoids are a rare type of epidermoid cyst that do not follow the usual near-CSF density and signal intensity on CT and MR, respectively.
Terminology
The term “white epidermoid cyst” does not denote a variant; it represents a distinct transformation within an epidermoid cyst due to l...
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