Articles

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More than 200 results
Article

Reverse Barton fracture

Reverse Barton fractures, also known as volar type Barton fractures, represent an intra-articular distal radial fracture with volar displacement. In fact, the reverse Barton fracture is a type II Smith fracture: oblique distal intra-articular radial fracture 1,2. For a discussion of this fract...
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Cardiac conduction devices

Implantable cardiac conduction devices (also known as cardiac implantable electronic devices or CIEDs) are a very common medical device of the thorax, with over one million implanted in the United States of America alone. There are two major types of cardiac conduction devices: pacemakers and a...
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Primary amenorrhea

Primary amenorrhea is defined as absence of menses by 14 years of age in the absence of growth or development of secondary sexual characteristics or absence of menses by 16 years of age regardless of the presence of normal growth and development including secondary sexual characteristics 1. Pat...
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Paraovarian cyst

Paraovarian cysts are remnants of the Wolffian duct in the mesosalpinx that do not arise from the ovary. They account for ~15% (range 10-20%) of adnexal masses 3,4. Terminology Paraovarian cysts are sometimes called paratubal cysts or hydatid cysts of Morgagni 14. Epidemiology They typically...
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Fallopian tube torsion

A fallopian tube torsion is a type of adnexal torsion and usually occurs in association with an ovarian torsion (when it is then termed a tubo-ovarian torsion). An isolated fallopian tube torsion is rare but can occur.  Pathology An isolated tubal torsion can occur as a late complication of tu...
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Whirlpool sign (ovarian torsion)

The whirlpool sign or whirl sign of ovarian torsion is characterized by the appearance of a twisted ovarian pedicle, which can be seen on ultrasound, CT, and MRI 1,2.  Terminology The term whirlpool sign is used in other contexts: see whirlpool sign (disambiguation). Radiographic features It...
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Varicocele

Varicocele is the dilatation of the pampiniform plexus of veins, a network of many small veins found in the male spermatic cord. It is the most frequently encountered mass of the spermatic cord. Epidemiology The estimated incidence is at ~15% of the general male population and ~40% of subferti...
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Your first case - 5-minute step-by-step guide for beginners

Contributing your first case can seem daunting, but this article aims to distill the steps needed to successfully publish a case. Case selection start with a simple case with an established diagnosis if possible educational value is most important; Radiopaedia is a global learning and teach...
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Diffuse tenosynovial giant cell tumor

Diffuse tenosynovial giant cell tumor, previously known as pigmented villonodular synovitis (PVNS), is an uncommon benign condition. It is most commonly monoarticular (~70% in the knee joint), but can occasionally be polyarticular.  Please see the overview article tenosynovial giant cell tumor ...
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Testicular yolk sac tumor

Testicular yolk sac tumor, also known as endodermal sinus tumor of the testis, is the most common childhood testicular tumor (80%), with most cases occurring before the age of two years 1. In adults, pure yolk sac tumor is extremely rare, however mixed germ cell tumor is commonly seen. Patholog...
Article

Thalassemia

Thalassemia is an autosomal recessive hemoglobinopathy first described in the Mediterranean region. The genetic defect causes a reduction in the rate of globin chain synthesis which causes the formation of abnormal hemoglobin molecules. The resultant microcytic anemia is the characteristic prese...
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Sickle cell disease

Sickle cell disease (SCD) (historically also known as drepanocytosis) is a hereditary (autosomal recessive) condition resulting in the formation of abnormal hemoglobin (a hemoglobinopathy), which manifests as multisystem ischemia and infarction, as well as hemolytic anemia.  Hemoglobin SC (HbSC...
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POEMS syndrome

POEMS syndrome is the acronymic name for a rare multisystem paraneoplastic disorder including the following features: P: polyneuropathy O: organomegaly E: endocrinopathy M: monoclonal gammopathy S: skin changes Clinical presentation The clinical presentation may be broader than just what ...
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Spinal arachnoid cyst

Spinal arachnoid cysts are relatively uncommon and may be either intradural (type III meningeal cyst) or extradural (type IA meningeal cyst). This article specifically focuses on spinal arachnoid cysts. For a general discussion of arachnoid cysts, refer to the main article: arachnoid cyst. Epi...
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Primary renal neoplasia

Primary renal neoplasia as a whole was reviewed and updated by the Genitourinary Pathology Society (GUPS) in 2019 3. Recent advances in the histological and molecular evaluation of tumors has shed light on pathogenesis and distinctions between tumors, some of which are now more accurately unders...
Article

Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder

Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) is a severe demyelinating diseases, which in seropositive cases, is caused by an autoantibody to the aquaporin-4 (AQP4) water channel. The classic presentation of NMOSD is with the triad of bilateral optic neuritis, longitudinally extensive myelitis...
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Spontaneous intracranial hypotension

Intracranial hypotension, also known as craniospinal hypotension is a clinical entity that results from a cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak that almost without exception occurs from the spine, either into the epidural space or directly into veins in the setting of CSF-venous fistulas. It usually, b...
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CSF-lymphatic fistula

CSF-lymphatic fistulas are a very rare, and possibly underdiagnosed, cause of spontaneous intracranial hypotension. They describe a direct communication between the spinal subarachnoid space and lymphatic vessels, allowing for the loss of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) directly into the lymphatic sys...
Article

Ptosis

Ptosis, or blepharoptosis, describes a drooping or falling of the upper eyelid. Generally, complete ptosis is due to complete oculomotor nerve palsy, causing levator palpebrae superioris muscle weakness, while partial ptosis is due to a dysfunction of the sympathetic pathway leading to weakness ...
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Leber hereditary optic neuropathy

Leber hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) is a mitochondrial genetic disorder characterized by bilateral, progressive, central vision loss secondary to loss of the retinal ganglionic cell layer 1,2. It is considered the most common mitochondrial disorder caused by mutation to mitochondrial DNA (m...
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