Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
More than 200 results
Article
Your first case - 5-minute step-by-step guide for beginners
Contributing your first case can seem daunting, but this article distills the steps needed to successfully publish a case.
Case selection
start with a simple case with an established diagnosis
educational value is most important; (ask for guidance from your local radiologist if unsure)
reme...
Article
Flexor carpi radialis tendinopathy
Flexor carpi radialis (FCR) tendinopathy presents with pain in the volar radial wrist. It usually develops due to chronic overuse, particularly in areas of the tendon that are exposed to rough surfaces (e.g. osteophytes).
Epidemiology
Flexor carpi radialis tendinopathy is a rare condition that...
Article
Flexor carpi radialis tendon tunnel
The flexor carpi radialis tendon tunnel is a fibro-osseous canal in the anterior/volar aspect of the wrist. The tendon of the flexor carpi radialis (FCR) muscle occupies approximately 90% of the available space in the tunnel.
Gross anatomy
The FCR tendon travels above the scaphoid and through ...
Article
Arthrogram (MRI)
An MR arthrogram is an MRI performed after a joint is injected with a solution containing gadolinium. Sometimes abbreviated to MRA, which can be confused with MR angiography. MRI can also be performed after an injection is not directly administered into the joint, via an indirect arthrogram. An ...
Article
Posterior cranial fossa
The posterior cranial fossa is the most posterior aspect of the skull base, housing the brainstem and cerebellum. It is also the largest and deepest of the three cranial fossae 1.
Gross anatomy
The following structures are present from anterior to posterior:
internal acoustic meatus
foramen ...
Article
Reverse Barton fracture
Reverse Barton fractures, also known as volar type Barton fractures, represent an intra-articular distal radial fracture with volar displacement.
In fact, the reverse Barton fracture is a type II Smith fracture: oblique distal intra-articular radial fracture 1,2.
For a discussion of this fract...
Article
Cardiac conduction devices
Implantable cardiac conduction devices (also known as cardiac implantable electronic devices or CIEDs) are a very common medical device of the thorax, with over one million implanted in the United States of America alone.
There are two major types of cardiac conduction devices: pacemakers and a...
Article
Primary amenorrhea
Primary amenorrhea is defined as absence of menses by 14 years of age in the absence of growth or development of secondary sexual characteristics or absence of menses by 16 years of age regardless of the presence of normal growth and development including secondary sexual characteristics 1.
Pat...
Article
Paraovarian cyst
Paraovarian cysts are remnants of the Wolffian duct in the mesosalpinx that do not arise from the ovary. They account for ~15% (range 10-20%) of adnexal masses 3,4.
Terminology
Paraovarian cysts are sometimes called paratubal cysts or hydatid cysts of Morgagni 14.
Epidemiology
They typically...
Article
Fallopian tube torsion
A fallopian tube torsion is a type of adnexal torsion and usually occurs in association with an ovarian torsion (when it is then termed a tubo-ovarian torsion). An isolated fallopian tube torsion is rare but can occur.
Pathology
An isolated tubal torsion can occur as a late complication of tu...
Article
Whirlpool sign (ovarian torsion)
The whirlpool sign or whirl sign of ovarian torsion is characterized by the appearance of a twisted ovarian pedicle, which can be seen on ultrasound, CT, and MRI 1,2.
Terminology
The term whirlpool sign is used in other contexts: see whirlpool sign (disambiguation).
Radiographic features
It...
Article
Varicocele
Varicocele is the dilatation of the pampiniform plexus of veins, a network of many small veins found in the male spermatic cord. It is the most frequently encountered mass of the spermatic cord.
Epidemiology
The estimated incidence is at ~15% of the general male population and ~40% of subferti...
Article
Diffuse tenosynovial giant cell tumor
Diffuse tenosynovial giant cell tumor, previously known as pigmented villonodular synovitis (PVNS), is an uncommon benign condition. It is most commonly monoarticular (~70% in the knee joint), but can occasionally be polyarticular.
Please see the overview article tenosynovial giant cell tumor ...
Article
Testicular yolk sac tumor
Testicular yolk sac tumor, also known as endodermal sinus tumor of the testis, is the most common childhood testicular tumor (80%), with most cases occurring before the age of two years 1. In adults, pure yolk sac tumor is extremely rare, however mixed germ cell tumor is commonly seen.
Patholog...
Article
Thalassemia
Thalassemia is an autosomal recessive hemoglobinopathy first described in the Mediterranean region. The genetic defect causes a reduction in the rate of globin chain synthesis which causes the formation of abnormal hemoglobin molecules. The resultant microcytic anemia is the characteristic prese...
Article
Sickle cell disease
Sickle cell disease (SCD) (historically also known as drepanocytosis) is a hereditary (autosomal recessive) condition resulting in the formation of abnormal hemoglobin (a hemoglobinopathy), which manifests as multisystem ischemia and infarction, as well as hemolytic anemia.
Hemoglobin SC (HbSC...
Article
POEMS syndrome
POEMS syndrome is the acronymic name for a rare multisystem paraneoplastic disorder including the following features:
P: polyneuropathy
O: organomegaly
E: endocrinopathy
M: monoclonal gammopathy
S: skin changes
Clinical presentation
The clinical presentation may be broader than just what ...
Article
Spinal arachnoid cyst
Spinal arachnoid cysts are relatively uncommon and may be either intradural (type III meningeal cyst) or extradural (type IA meningeal cyst).
This article specifically focuses on spinal arachnoid cysts. For a general discussion of arachnoid cysts, refer to the main article: arachnoid cyst.
Epi...
Article
Primary renal neoplasia
Primary renal neoplasia as a whole was reviewed and updated by the Genitourinary Pathology Society (GUPS) in 2019 3. Recent advances in the histological and molecular evaluation of tumors has shed light on pathogenesis and distinctions between tumors, some of which are now more accurately unders...
Article
Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder
Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) is a severe demyelinating diseases, which in seropositive cases, is caused by an autoantibody to the aquaporin-4 (AQP4) water channel. The classic presentation of NMOSD is with the triad of bilateral optic neuritis, longitudinally extensive myelitis...
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