Articles
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More than 200 results
Article
Primary renal neoplasia
Primary renal neoplasia as a whole was reviewed and updated by the Genitourinary Pathology Society (GUPS) in 2019 3. Recent advances in the histological and molecular evaluation of tumors has shed light on pathogenesis and distinctions between tumors, some of which are now more accurately unders...
Article
Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder
Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) is a severe demyelinating diseases, which in seropositive cases, is caused by an autoantibody to the aquaporin-4 (AQP4) water channel. The classic presentation of NMOSD is with the triad of bilateral optic neuritis, longitudinally extensive myelitis...
Article
Spontaneous intracranial hypotension
Intracranial hypotension, also known as craniospinal hypotension is a clinical entity that results from a cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak that almost without exception occurs from the spine, either into the epidural space or directly into veins in the setting of CSF-venous fistulas. It usually, b...
Article
CSF-lymphatic fistula
CSF-lymphatic fistulas are a very rare, and possibly underdiagnosed, cause of spontaneous intracranial hypotension. They describe a direct communication between the spinal subarachnoid space and lymphatic vessels, allowing for the loss of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) directly into the lymphatic sys...
Article
Ptosis
Ptosis, or blepharoptosis, describes a drooping or falling of the upper eyelid. Generally, complete ptosis is due to complete oculomotor nerve palsy, causing levator palpebrae superioris muscle weakness, while partial ptosis is due to a dysfunction of the sympathetic pathway leading to weakness ...
Article
Leber hereditary optic neuropathy
Leber hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) is a mitochondrial genetic disorder characterized by bilateral, progressive, central vision loss secondary to loss of the retinal ganglionic cell layer 1,2. It is considered the most common mitochondrial disorder caused by mutation to mitochondrial DNA (m...
Article
Traumatic posterior fossa subdural hematoma in neonates
Traumatic posterior fossa subdural hematoma (TPFSH) in neonates is a traumatic complication at birth. It is extremely rare. Although traumatic posterior fossa subdural hematoma is a very rare condition, it is clinically critical as it may compress the ventricular system or the brainstem and can ...
Article
Shepherd crook deformity
A shepherd crook deformity refers to a coxa varus angulation of the proximal femur, classically seen in femoral involvement by fibrous dysplasia, although may be seen in other disorders such as Paget disease of bone and osteogenesis imperfecta.
History and etymology
The shape of the proximal f...
Article
Meckel diverticulum
Meckel diverticulum is a congenital intestinal diverticulum due to fibrous degeneration of the umbilical end of the omphalomesenteric (vitelline) duct that occurs around the distal ileum. It is considered the most common structural congenital anomaly of the gastrointestinal tract. Some of the fe...
Article
Haglund syndrome
Haglund syndrome refers to the triad (Haglund triad) of:
insertional Achilles tendinopathy
retrocalcaneal bursitis
Haglund deformity (i.e. posterosuperior calcaneal exostosis)
Terminology
Haglund syndrome is a painful condition of the heel and its diagnosis requires a combination of clinica...
Article
Acrania anencephaly sequence
Acrania anencephaly sequence or acrania–exencephaly–anencephaly sequence is the progression from a relatively normal-appearing exposed brain due to an absent cranium (acrania) to an amorphous brain mass (exencephaly) to no recognisable brain tissue (anencephaly) 1.
Epidemiology
The acrania ane...
Article
Posterior cranial fossa
The posterior cranial fossa is the most posterior aspect of the skull base, housing the brainstem and cerebellum. It is also the largest and deepest of the three cranial fossae 1.
Gross anatomy
The following structures are present from anterior to posterior:
internal acoustic meatus
foramen ...
Article
POEMS syndrome
POEMS syndrome is the acronymic name for a rare multisystem paraneoplastic disorder including the following features:
P: polyneuropathy
O: organomegaly
E: endocrinopathy
M: monoclonal gammopathy
S: skin changes
Clinical presentation
The clinical presentation may be broader than just what ...
Article
Diffuse tenosynovial giant cell tumor
Diffuse tenosynovial giant cell tumor, previously known as pigmented villonodular synovitis (PVNS), is an uncommon benign condition. It is most commonly monoarticular (~70% in the knee joint), but can occasionally be polyarticular.
Please see the overview article tenosynovial giant cell tumor ...
Article
Pectus excavatum
Pectus excavatum, also known as funnel chest or trichterbrust 13, is a congenital chest wall deformity characterized by concave depression of the sternum, resulting in cosmetic and radiographic alterations.
Epidemiology
It accounts for 90% of chest wall deformities, occurring in up to 1 in 300...
Article
Anterior labroligamentous periosteal sleeve avulsion lesion
An anterior labroligamentous periosteal sleeve avulsion (ALPSA) lesion is similar to a Bankart lesion, in that it too is usually due to anterior shoulder dislocation and involves the anterior inferior labrum.
Epidemiology
It is often the result of chronic injury rather than acute dislocation;...
Article
Cystic lesions around vagina and female urethra
There are numerous cystic lesions that occur around the vagina and female urethra.
Differential diagnosis
urethral diverticulum
Gartner duct cyst: at or above the level of the pubic symphysis anterior to the vaginal wall
Bartholin gland cyst: posterolateral to distal vaginal wall inferior to...
Article
Ecchordosis physaliphora
Ecchordosis physaliphora is a congenital benign hamartomatous lesion derived from notochord remnants, usually located in the retroclival prepontine region, but can be found anywhere from the skull base to the sacrum.
Terminology
There has been some controversy as to whether intradural chordom...
Article
Clear cell renal cell carcinoma
Clear cell renal cell carcinoma is the most common type of renal cell carcinoma.
Epidemiology
The average age of onset of sporadic clear cell renal carcinoma is 61 years. In cases associated with von Hippel-Lindau disease, the average age of onset is 37 years 1.
Clinical presentation
Patien...
Article
Metastases to the thyroid
Metastases to the thyroid are an uncommon cause of thyroid malignancy.
Epidemiology
Metastases to the thyroid represent 1.4-3% of all malignancies 5. In autopsy series, the incidence is ~10% (range 2-24%) 1,5.
Pathology
The most common sites of primary malignancy include (note these will v...
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