Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
More than 200 results
Article
Left atrial appendage thrombus
Left atrial appendage thrombus is a site of intra-cardiac thrombus and refers to the presence of thrombus within the left atrial appendage.
The left atrial appendage is considered the main location of thrombus formation, predominantly in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation.
Radiogra...
Article
Multiple myeloma
Multiple myeloma (MM), also known by the names plasma cell myeloma and Kahler disease, is a multifocal proliferation of plasma cells based in the bone marrow. It is the most common primary malignant bone neoplasm in adults. It arises from red marrow due to the monoclonal proliferation of plasma ...
Article
Pelvic kidney
Pelvic kidneys, sometimes known as a sacral kidney, are kidneys that are fixed in the bony pelvis or across the spine and are an anatomic variant 1.
Epidemiology
Pelvic ectopia is seen in 1 in 2,100-3,000 autopsies. It is considered the most common form of renal ectopia 4.
Associations
Ectop...
Article
What constitutes a perfect case
So, what should a perfect case look like? Over time, the quality of contributions to Radiopaedia has grown, and what is considered a "perfect case" has also evolved. Please refer to the case publishing guidelines for a general set of instructions. You also can get a sense of how close your case ...
Article
Pancake kidney
Pancake kidney (also known as discoid kidney, disc kidney, lump kidney, fused pelvic kidney or cake kidney) is a rare renal fusion anomaly of the kidneys of the crossed fused variety.
Clinical presentation
Pancake kidney may be an incidental finding. However, they can present clinically becaus...
Article
Ectopic kidney
An ectopic kidney, also known as renal ectopia, is a congenital renal anomaly characterized by the abnormal location of one or both of the kidneys.
They can occur in several forms:
cross fused renal ectopia
ectopic thoracic kidney
pelvic kidney
Epidemiology
The estimated incidence of an ec...
Article
Meckel diverticulitis
Meckel diverticulitis is the inflammation of a Meckel diverticulum, which is the most common congenital structural abnormality of the gastrointestinal tract 3. Despite this, it is an uncommon cause of acute abdomen and is often not correctly diagnosed pre-operatively.
This article focuses on M...
Article
Meckel diverticulum
Meckel diverticulum is a congenital intestinal diverticulum due to fibrous degeneration of the umbilical end of the omphalomesenteric (vitelline) duct that occurs around the distal ileum. It is considered the most common structural congenital anomaly of the gastrointestinal tract.
Epidemiology
...
Article
Mayer-Rokitansky-Küster-Hauser syndrome
Mayer-Rokitansky-Küster-Hauser syndrome (MRKH), also known as Müllerian aplasia, is a congenital anomaly characterized by vaginal and uterine aplasia or agenesis 9. It is usually also associated with a spectrum of other genitourinary tract abnormalities. MRKH syndrome belongs to class I Mulleria...
Article
Round pneumonia
Round pneumonia is a type of pneumonia usually only seen in pediatric patients. They are well defined, rounded opacities that represent regions of infected consolidation.
Epidemiology
The mean age of patients with round pneumonia is 5 years and 90% of patients who present with round pneumonia ...
Article
Cruciate ligament dysplasia
Cruciate ligament dysplasia is a rare condition involving hypoplasia or absence of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) and/or the posterior cruciate ligament (PCL).
Epidemiology
The prevalence of cruciate ligament dysplasia is reported at 0.017 per 1000 live births 1,4.
Associations
The fol...
Article
Whipple procedure
The Whipple procedure (or partial pancreaticoduodenectomy) is considered the definitive surgical operation to resect carcinoma of the head of the pancreas, periampullary carcinoma, or duodenal carcinoma 1.
Procedure
In the procedure, the head of the pancreas and adjacent duodenum is resected. ...
Article
Peptic ulcer disease
Peptic ulcer disease (PUD) encompasses a number of entities, united by the presence of mucosal ulceration secondary to the effects of gastric acid. Since the recognition of Helicobacter pylori as a common causative agent and the development of powerful anti-acid medications, peptic ulcer disease...
Article
Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery
A Roux-en-Y gastric bypass is one of the most common bariatric surgeries, used to treat morbid obesity.
In this laparoscopic operation, the stomach is stapled or divided to form a small pouch (typically <30 mL in volume), which is anastomosed to the Roux limb (also known as the efferent or alim...
Article
Diaphyseal tibiofibular synostosis
Diaphyseal tibiofibular synostosis (plural: synostoses) is a rare condition where there is a focal bony fusion between the tibial and fibular shafts 1,2.
Epidemiology
It is a rare condition that is reported in athletes, runners and basketball players 1.
Clinical presentation
Depending on t...
Article
Tarlov cyst
Tarlov cysts, also called perineural cysts, are CSF-filled dilatations of the nerve root sheath at the dorsal root ganglion (posterior nerve root sheath). These are type II spinal meningeal cysts that are, by definition, extradural but contain neural tissue.
Most Tarlov cysts are asymptomatic, ...
Article
Gastrointestinal stents
Gastrointestinal (GI) stents are increasingly used to treat obstruction of the GI tract, most commonly due to malignancy.
Types of stent
esophageal stent
gastric stent
duodenal stent
enteric stent
colorectal stent
History and etymology
Somewhat surprisingly the word 'stent' is actually a...
Article
Precalcaneal congenital fibrolipomatous hamartoma
Precalcaneal congenital fibrolipomatous hamartoma (PCFH) is a rare, benign condition characterized by the presence of asymptomatic, skin-colored, unilateral or bilateral nodules in the medial precalcaneal plantar region of the heel. It is usually first seen within the first months of life, altho...
Article
Cavernous sinus
The cavernous sinuses are paired dural venous sinuses.
Gross anatomy
The cavernous sinus is located on either side of the pituitary fossa and body of the sphenoid bone. It is most easily thought of as existing between the endosteal and meningeal layers of the dura although some additional com...
Article
Spatial resolution (CT)
Spatial resolution in CT is the ability to differentiate two adjacent objects or structures as being distinct from each other.
A high spatial resolution is important for one to discriminate between structures that are located within close proximity to each other.
Factors affecting CT spatial ...
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