Articles

Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.

93 results
Article

Unsupervised learning (machine learning)

Unsupervised learning is one of the main types of algorithms used in machine learning.  Unsupervised learning algorithms are used on datasets where output labels are not provided. Hence, instead of trying to predict a particular output for each input, these algorithms attempt to discover the un...
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Cybersecurity

Cybersecurity is the protection of digital data, software and hardware from risks including attacks or other problems related to their integrity and/or data confidentiality. Cybersecurity may utilize many different types of tools and protocols including encryption, firewalls and other infrastruc...
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Boosting

Boosting is an ensemble technique that creates increasingly complex algorithms from building blocks of relatively simple decision rules for binary classification tasks. This is achieved by sequentially training new models (or 'weak' learners) which focus on examples that were classified incorre...
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METhodological RadiomICs Score (METRICS)

The METhodological RadiomICs Score (METRICS) is a 30-item quality evaluation tool for artificial intelligence (AI) and radiomics papers 1. It aims to assess and improve the quality of radiomics research. METRICS is endorsed by the European Society of Medical Imaging Informatics (EuSoMII). Overv...
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Autoregressive neural network

Autoregressive neural networks (ARNN) are neural networks designed for time series data and sequential data analysis. They operate on the principle that the current value in a sequence can be predicted based on its previous values, making them highly relevant in medical applications such as sign...
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Large language models

Large language models are advanced artificial intelligence systems designed to understand and generate human-like text. These models are built using deep learning techniques and are trained on vast amounts of text data, such as books, articles, and websites. Large language models utilize algorit...
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Python (programming language)

Python is a high-level, general-purpose computer programming language. Initially, Python was created by Dutch computer programmer Guido van Rossum and was first released in 1991.  The version 3.7.4 (which is the most stable release as of July 2019) Python language has objects and associated mach...
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Artificial Intelligence (AI) TI-RADS

AI TI-RADS (Artificial Intelligence Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data System) is a data-driven analysis and revision of the 2017 ACR TI-RADS 1. Published in May 2019 2, this had the intention of simplifying categorization and improving specificity while maintaining high sensitivity. This system...
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Convolution

Convolution is a mathematical concept that implies the product of two functions. In practical terms for radiology, convolution implies the application of a mathematical operation to a signal such that a different signal is produced. Convolutions are applied in image processing for CTs and MRIs. ...
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Generative adversarial network

Generative adversarial networks (GANs) are an elegant deep learning approach to generating artificial data that is indistinguishable from real data. Two neural networks are paired off against one another (adversaries). The first network generates artificial data to reproduce real data. The secon...
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Radiomics

Radiomics (as applied to radiology) is a field of medical study that aims to extract a large number of quantitative features from medical images using data characterization algorithms. The data is assessed for improved decision support. It has the potential to uncover disease characteristics tha...
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Machine learning

Machine learning is a specific practical application of computer science and mathematics that allows computers to extrapolate information based on observed patterns without explicit programming. A defining characteristic of machine learning programs is the improved performance at tasks such as c...
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BJR|Artificial Intelligence

BJR|Artificial Intelligence is an open access online-only journal published by the British Institute of Radiology. Its remit is to encompass how artificial intelligence is employed in imaging sciences. Its Co-Editors-in-Chief are Heang-Ping Chan and Issam El Naqa. History The first issue of BJ...
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