Paget disease (bone)
Updates to Article Attributes
Body
was changed:
Paget’s disease of the bone (also known as osteitis deformans) is a chronic bone disorder characterised by excessive abnormal bone remodelling.
Epidemiology
It is relatively common and can affect up to 4% of individuals over 40 and up to 11% over the age of 80 1. There may a slight male predilection.
Clinical presentation
The majority (approximately three quarters) of patients are asymptomatic at the time of diagnosis. Presenting symptoms include:
- localised pain and tenderness
- increased focal temperature due to hyperaemia(due to hyper vascularity)
- increased bone size : historically changing hat size was a give-away
- bowing deformities
- kyphosis of the spine
- decreased range of motion
- signs and symptoms relating to complications (see below)
Polyostotic disease is more common than the monostotic type 1. The most frequent sites of involvement are :
- spine
- pelvis (often asymmetric)
- skull
- proximal long bones
Pathology
The aetiology is not entirely known, however viral infection in association with genetic susceptibility has been postulated.
There are three stages classically described (but is part of continuous spectrum)
- lytic (incipient active): predominated by osteoclastic activity
- mixed (active): osteoblastic as well as osteoclastic activity
- sclerotic/blastic (late inactive)
Markers
- serum alkaline phopatase (ALP) elevated
- urine hydroxyproline increased
Radiographic features
Plain film
The early phase features osteolytic (lucent) region which is later followed by coarsened trabeculae and bony enlargement. Sclerotic changes occur much later in the disease process.
Skull
- osteoporosis circumscripta: large well defined lytic lesion.
- cotton wool appearance: mixed lytic and sclerotic lesions of skull
- diploic widening: Both inner and outer calvarial tables are involved, with the former usually more extensively affected.
Spine
- picture frame sign: paget's disease of the spine frequently manifests with cortical thickening and sclerosis encasing the vertebral margins, which gives rise to the on radiographs in mixed phase disease.
-
squaring
of theof vertebra: on lateral radiographs flattening of the normal concavity of the anterior margin of the vertebral body also adds to the rectangular appearance. - vertical trabecular thickening: in Paget disease is coarser than the more delicate pattern seen in hemangiomas with which it can be confused.
Pelvis
- cortical thickening and sclerosis of the iliopectineal and ischiopubic lines.
- acetabular protrusio
-
Enlargementenlargement of the pubic rami and ischium
These findings are often asymmetric and for some reason, may be more commonly seen on the right side.
Long bones
- blade of grassor candle flame sign: begins as a subchondral area of lucency with advancing tip of V shaped osteolysis extending towards the diaphysis. (In rare cases, the disease is isolated to the diaphysis, most commonly in the tibia, rather than subchondral bone, which can cause diagnostic confusion)
- lateral curvature of the femur
- anterior curvature of tibia
Signs
Paget's disease related signs include:
- Tam O'Shanter sign
- blade of grass sign
- osteoporosis circumscripta
- jigsaw pattern bone or mosaic pattern bone
- picture frame vertebra
- cotton wool appearance of bone
- banana fracture
- Looser zones
Bone scintigraphy
Highly sensitive but not specific. Traditionally has been said to demonstrate marked increased uptake in all phases of disease, although in the burnt out sclerotic quiescent phase uptake may be normal 1.
Complications
- osseous weakening resulting in deformity and fractures
- arthritis
- neural compression
- deafness is the most common complication
- cranial nerve paresis may occur
- basilar invagination may occur in advanced cases with hydrocephalus or brainstem compression
- secondary development of tumours (e.g. osteosarcoma: ≈ 1 % of cases), which is often highly resistant to treatment
- high output congestive cardiac failure
- hyperparathyroidism (~10 %)
Differential diagnosis
For skull lesions consider:
- hyperostosis frontalis interna : thickening of the internal table of the frontal bone
-
fibrous dysplasia
- different age group
- fibrous dysplasia usually affects the outer table more prominently
Etymology
It was first described by Sir James Paget in 1877.
-<li> <a href="/articles/osteoporosis-circumscripta-cranii"><strong>osteoporosis circumscripta</strong></a>: large well defined lytic lesion.</li>- +<li> <a href="/articles/osteoporosis-circumscripta-cranii">osteoporosis circumscripta</a>: large well defined lytic lesion.</li>
-<strong><a href="/articles/picture-frame-vertebral-body">picture frame sign</a></strong>: paget's disease of the spine frequently manifests with cortical thickening and sclerosis encasing the vertebral margins, which gives rise to the on radiographs in mixed phase disease.</li>- +<a href="/articles/picture-frame-vertebral-body">picture frame sign</a>: paget's disease of the spine frequently manifests with cortical thickening and sclerosis encasing the vertebral margins, which gives rise to the on radiographs in mixed phase disease.</li>
-<strong><a href="/articles/differential-diagnosis-of-squaring-of-one-or-more-vertebra">squaring</a><a href="/articles/squaring-of-the-vertebra"> of the vertebra</a>:</strong> on lateral radiographs flattening of the normal concavity of the anterior margin of the vertebral body also adds to the rectangular appearance.</li>- +<a href="/articles/differential-diagnosis-of-squaring-of-one-or-more-vertebra">squaring of vertebra</a>: on lateral radiographs flattening of the normal concavity of the anterior margin of the vertebral body also adds to the rectangular appearance.</li>
-<strong>vertical trabecular thickening</strong>: in Paget disease is coarser than the more delicate pattern seen in hemangiomas with which it can be confused.</li>- +<a title="vertical trabecular thickening" href="/articles/vertical-trabecular-thickening">vertical trabecular thickening</a>: in Paget disease is coarser than the more delicate pattern seen in hemangiomas with which it can be confused.</li>
-<li><strong><a href="/articles/protrusio-acetabuli-1">acetabular protrusio</a> </strong></li>-<li>Enlargement of the pubic rami and ischium</li>- +<li><a href="/articles/protrusio-acetabuli-1">acetabular protrusio</a></li>
- +<li>enlargement of the pubic rami and ischium</li>
-<strong><a href="/articles/blade-of-grass-sign">blade of grass</a><a href="/articles/blade-of-grass-sign"> </a></strong>or<a href="/articles/blade-of-grass-sign"> <strong>candle flame sign</strong></a>: begins as a subchondral area of lucency with advancing tip of V shaped osteolysis extending towards the diaphysis. (In rare cases, the disease is isolated to the diaphysis, most commonly in the tibia, rather than subchondral bone, which can cause diagnostic confusion)</li>- +<a href="/articles/blade-of-grass-sign">blade of grass</a><strong><a href="/articles/blade-of-grass-sign"> </a></strong>or<a href="/articles/blade-of-grass-sign"> candle flame sign</a>: begins as a subchondral area of lucency with advancing tip of V shaped osteolysis extending towards the diaphysis. (In rare cases, the disease is isolated to the diaphysis, most commonly in the tibia, rather than subchondral bone, which can cause diagnostic confusion)</li>
-</ul><p> </p><h5>Signs</h5><p>Paget's disease related signs include:</p><ul>- +</ul><h5>Signs</h5><p>Paget's disease related signs include:</p><ul>
Images Changes:
Image 23 CT (bone window) ( create )
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