Bone mineral density
Updates to Article Attributes
Body
was changed:
Bone mineral density (BMD) is defined as amount of mineral (calcium hydroxyapatite) per unit of bone.
Radiographic features
BMD can be measured by various methods:
-
gamma rays: replaced by radiographic methods
- single-energy photon absorptiometry (SPA) was superseded by the introduction of single x-ray absorptiometry; both methods measure density at peripheral sites in the skeleton (e.g. distal radius, calcaneus), but the disadvantage is that it cannot measure trabecular and cortical bone separately
- dual-energy photon absorptiometry (DPA) also has been replaced by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA)
-
x-ray
- single-energy x-ray absorptiometry
- dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA)
- quantitative computed tomography (QCT)
- radiogrammetry
-
ultrasound
- calcaneal ultrasonography: determines bone mineral density and bone strength
- speed sound (SOS): measures velocity in the bone
- broadband ultrasound attenuation (BUA): measures the frequency in the bone
-
MRI
- spectroscopy
- quantitative magnetic resonance imaging: depicts changes in the trabecular structures at several sites of the peripheral skeleton
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