Articles
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More than 200 results
Article
Crohn disease
Crohn disease, also known as regional enteritis, is an idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease characterized by widespread discontinuous gastrointestinal tract inflammation. The terminal ileum and proximal colon are most often affected. Extraintestinal disease is common.
Epidemiology
The diagnos...
Article
Kaplan fibers of iliotibial band
Kaplan fibers are distinct fibrous connections between the iliotibial band and the distal femoral metaphysis.
Gross anatomy
Kaplan fibers are divided into two distinct structures 1:
proximal Kaplan fibers
distal Kaplan fibers
The proximal and distal Kaplan fibers originate from the undersur...
Article
Herring classification of Perthes disease
The Herring classification, also known as the lateral pillar classification, is one of the many systems used to describe Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease.
Usage
The Herring classification is currently the most recommended system given its higher inter- and intraobserver reliability (c. 2025) 2.
The...
Article
Isolated calf muscle vein thrombosis
Isolated calf muscle vein thrombosis is relatively common and poses a clinical dilemma about the required treatment. They occur in the intra-muscular soleal and gastrocnemius veins, and are differentiated from other distal deep vein thrombosis (DVT) in the peroneal, anterior tibial, and/or poste...
Article
Radical cystectomy
A radical cystectomy is a surgical treatment in patients most commonly indicated for patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer.
Indications
muscle-invasive bladder cancer 8
non-muscle invasive bladder cancer to local treatment (e.g. BCG therapy) 2,8
neurogenic or nonfunctioning bladder in...
Article
Chromosomal anomalies
There are a large number of recognized chromosomal anomalies (many with eponyms). When there is a change in the absolute number of chromosomes these are subgrouped as aneuploidic anomalies.
They can cause a variable degree of disability with outcomes ranging from no effect (in some balanced tra...
Article
Hypertrophic osteoarthropathy
Hypertrophic osteoarthropathy (HOA) is a syndrome characterized by a periosteal reaction of the long bones without an underlying bone lesion. There is a broad range of manifestations, although typically there is symmetrical involvement of the appendicular skeleton. Accompanying abnormal soft tis...
Article
Gallium-67 scintigraphy
Gallium-67 (Ga-67) is a photon-emitting radiotracer used for scintigraphy which is used in the form of various salts like citrate and nitrate. Once administered, imaging may consist of planar (2 dimensional), SPECT, and SPECT-CT acquisitions. Once injected it binds to plasma proteins (especially...
Article
Pituitary apoplexy
Pituitary apoplexy is an acute clinical condition caused by either hemorrhagic or non-hemorrhagic necrosis of the pituitary gland. Although presentation is variable, it typically comprises headache, visual deficits, ophthalmoplegia, and altered mental status. An existing pituitary macroadenoma i...
Article
Papilledema
Papilledema refers to swelling of the optic disc related to increased intracranial pressure.
Terminology
Care must be taken to not use the term papilledema for all causes of optic nerve head elevation. Although papilledema literally means swelling of the optic disc (nerve head/papilla), in oph...
Article
Idiopathic intracranial hypertension
Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH), also known as pseudotumor cerebri, is a syndrome with signs and symptoms of increased intracranial pressure but where a causative mass or hydrocephalus is not identified.
Terminology
The older term benign intracranial hypertension is generally frowne...
Article
Diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis
Diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH), also known as Forestier disease, is a common condition characterized by bony proliferation at sites of tendinous and ligamentous insertion. It primarily affects the spine of older individuals. On imaging, it manifests as flowing bridging anterior ...
Article
Ciliated hepatic foregut cyst
Ciliated hepatic foregut cysts are a very rare type of hepatic cyst, with non-specific radiological features. They are usually benign, but rare cases of malignant degeneration (to squamous cell carcinoma) have also been reported.
Epidemiology
They are more often seen in adults, although a few...
Article
Adrenal calcification
Adrenal calcification is not a rare finding in healthy asymptomatic people and is usually the result of previous hemorrhage or tuberculosis. Addison disease patients only occasionally develop calcification.
Pathology
Etiology
Hemorrhage
sepsis: Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome
blunt abdomi...
Article
CA 15-3
CA 15-3 is a tumor marker used in monitoring breast cancer. The test detects levels of MUC-1, a mucin protein in the blood. MUC-1 is thought to be important in the invasiveness and metastasization of cancer cells.
Physiology
Mucin-1 is a normal epithelial cellular glycoprotein localized to the...
Article
Turtleback sign
Turtleback sign or carapace sign, described as tortoise-shell appearance, represents a characteristic appearance of chronic hepatic schistosomiasis in which liver margins are irregular and nodular. Dystrophic calcifications within a polygonal network of fibrous septa are seen in the periphery, o...
Article
Latarjet procedure
The Latarjet procedure is an orthopedic shoulder procedure that is usually performed for anteroinferior shoulder instability where a coracoid bone block is positioned flush with the anterior-inferior border of the glenoid (often with one or more screws). It can be performed as either an open or ...
Article
Pituitary region mass with intrinsic high T1 signal
Pituitary region masses with intrinsic high T1 signal, also referred to as suprasellar hotspots, are relatively frequently encountered, and the presence of high T1 signal narrows the differential somewhat.
Differential diagnosis
The differential can be divided by the substance causing the T1 ...
Article
Radiation-induced esophagitis
Radiation-induced esophagitis is a consequence of radiation therapy toxicity of the esophagus resulting in acute and/or chronic complications:
acute esophagitis: usually 2 to 4 weeks after commencing radiation therapy 1 to within ≤3 months after completion of the radiation therapy 3
chronic e...
Article
Orbital metastasis
Orbital metastases are relatively uncommon, but some primary tumors do have a predilection to metastasize to the orbit.
This article concerns itself with extraocular metastases, rather than intraocular tumors or direct extension of tumors from neighboring regions. For a discussion of intraocula...
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