Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
More than 200 results
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Medullary thyroid cancer (staging)
Medullary thyroid cancer staging refers to TNM staging of medullary thyroid carcinomas. Papillary, follicular, and anaplastic thyroid carcinomas have similar TNM category definitions but different prognostic stage group definitions. The following article reflects the 8th version published by the...
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Anaplastic thyroid cancer (staging)
Anaplastic thyroid cancer staging refers to TNM staging of anaplastic thyroid carcinomas. Papillary, follicular, and medullary thyroid carcinomas are staged separately. The following article reflects the 8th version manual published by the American Joint Committee on Cancer, which is used for st...
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Differentiated thyroid cancer (staging)
Differentiated thyroid cancer staging refers to TNM staging of papillary thyroid cancer and follicular thyroid cancer. Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma and medullary thyroid carcinoma are staged separately. The following article reflects the 8th version published by the American Joint Committee on C...
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Cutaneous carcinoma of the head and neck (staging)
Cutaneous carcinoma of the head and neck staging refers to TNM staging of nonmelanoma skin cancer involving the scalp, external ear, neck, or face including external lips. The system applies to cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma and numerous other skin carcinomas, notably excluding carcinoma of s...
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Mucosal melanoma of the head and neck (staging)
Mucosal melanoma of the head and neck staging refers to TNM staging of mucosal melanoma involving the nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, oral cavity, and, less commonly, pharynx and larynx. The system is distinct from staging of carcinomas of those sites and of cutaneous melanoma. The following ar...
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Laryngeal carcinoma (staging)
Laryngeal carcinoma staging refers to TNM staging of carcinomas involving the supraglottic, glottic, and subglottic larynx. The vast majority of applicable cases are squamous cell carcinomas, but other epithelial tumors are also included. The following article reflects the 8th version published ...
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Hypopharyngeal carcinoma (staging)
Hypopharyngeal carcinoma staging refers to TNM staging of carcinomas originating in the hypopharynx. This system most commonly applies to squamous cell carcinomas but can also apply to rarer epithelial malignancies in the region. The following article reflects the 8th version published by the Am...
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Oropharyngeal (p16-negative) cancer (staging)
Oropharyngeal (p16-) cancer staging refers to TNM staging of carcinomas originating in the oropharynx that are not human papillomavirus (HPV)-associated. This system most commonly pertains to squamous cell carcinomas that tested negative for p16, an immunohistochemical proxy for HPV infection, o...
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HPV-mediated (p16-positive) oropharyngeal cancer (staging)
Human papillomavirus (HPV)-mediated oropharyngeal (p16+) cancer staging refers to TNM staging of squamous cell carcinomas of the oropharynx that test positive for p16, an immunohistochemical proxy for HPV infection. Nodal metastases of p16+ squamous cell carcinoma without an identified primary t...
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Major salivary gland cancer (staging)
Major salivary gland cancer staging refers to TNM staging of malignant tumors of the major salivary glands (parotid, submandibular, and sublingual glands). In contrast, tumors arising from minor salivary glands are staged according to their site of origin. The following article reflects the 8th ...
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Oral cavity carcinoma (staging)
Oral cavity carcinoma staging refers to TNM staging of carcinomas involving the oral cavity. The vast majority of applicable cases are squamous cell carcinomas, but other epithelial and minor salivary gland cancers are also included. The following article reflects the 8th version published by th...
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Nasal cavity and ethmoid sinus carcinoma (staging)
Nasal cavity and ethmoid sinus carcinoma staging refers to TNM staging of epithelial cancers involving the nasal cavity or ethmoid air cells. Applicable histologies include squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma and its variants, and other rarer epithelial malignancies other than mucosal melano...
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Maxillary sinus carcinoma (staging)
Maxillary sinus carcinoma staging refers to TNM staging of epithelial malignancies involving the maxillary sinus. Applicable histologies include squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, sinonasal undifferentiated carcinoma, and other rarer carcinomas. The following article reflects the 8th versi...
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Unknown primary tumors of the head and neck (staging)
Unknown primary tumors of the head and neck staging refers to TNM staging of metastatic carcinomas in the head and neck region without an identifiable primary tumor. The typical scenario involves squamous cell carcinoma present in a cervical lymph node, no obvious primary source on clinical exam...
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Cervical lymph node (staging)
Cervical lymph node staging refers to evaluating regional nodal metastasis from primary cancer of the head and neck. The following article reflects the 8th version of the TNM staging system published by the American Joint Committee on Cancer, which is used for staging starting January 1, 2018 1,...
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Nasopharyngeal cancer (staging)
Nasopharyngeal cancer staging refers to TNM staging of malignant tumors of the nasopharynx. The vast majority of applicable tumors are nasopharyngeal carcinomas, but other epithelial malignancies of the nasopharynx are included, such as minor salivary gland tumors. The following article reflects...
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de Carvalho index of patellar height
The de Carvalho index is used to measure patellar height and identify patella alta. It is similar to the Caton-Deschamps index and relies upon the length of the patellar articular surface and its distance from the tibia. This helps in reducing erroneous measurements in those with long patellar b...
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Modified Fisher scale of subarachnoid hemorrhage
The modified Fisher scale is a method for radiological grading subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) secondary to intracranial aneurysm rupture, assessed on the first non-contrast CT.
It was modified from the original Fisher scale in 2006 1 to account for patients with thick cisternal blood and concomi...
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Iliotibial band
The iliotibial band (ITB) or tract is a thick band of fascia along the lateral aspect of the thigh.
Gross anatomy
The ITB is a thickening in the fascia lata. Superiorly, it splits to enclose and anchor the aponeurosis of tensor fasciae latae and posteriorly most of the tendon of gluteus maximu...
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Balthazar score (acute pancreatitis)
The Balthazar score is a subscore within the CT severity index (CTSI) for grading acute pancreatitis.
The CTSI sums two scores:
Balthazar score: grading of pancreatitis (A-E)
grading the extent of pancreatic necrosis
The Balthazar score was originally used alone, but adding a score for panc...
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