Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
More than 200 results
Article
Interrupted aortic arch
Interrupted aortic arch (IAA) is an uncommon congenital cardiovascular anomaly where there is a separation between the ascending and descending aorta. It can either be complete or connected by a remnant fibrous band. An accompanying large ventricular septal defect (VSD) and/or patent ductus arte...
Article
Ulnar nerve dislocation (at elbow)
Ulnar nerve dislocation (or it if occurs to lesser degree ulnar nerve subluxation) at the elbow is an uncommon cause of pain and paresthesia in the ulnar nerve distribution. It occurs if the ulnar nerve subluxes and then dislocates over the anterior aspect of the medial epicondyle during flexion...
Article
Megalencephalic leukoencephalopathy with subcortical cysts
Megalencephalic leukoencephalopathy with subcortical cysts, also known as Van der Knaap disease, refers to a rare inherited autosomal recessive disease characterized by diffuse subcortical leukoencephalopathy associated with white matter cystic degeneration.
Epidemiology
The age at symptoms m...
Article
Extensor carpi ulnaris tendinopathy
Extensor carpi ulnaris (ECU) tendinopathy is varied and includes tendinosis, (stenosing) tenosynovitis, tendon instability, and (rarely) rupture.
Epidemiology
Athletes at increased risk of ECU tendinopathy include those who participate in 1,2:
racquet sports, e.g. tennis
club sports, e.g. g...
Article
Scleritis
Scleritis refers to inflammation of the sclera. It has a wide range of causes.
Epidemiology
It can affect any age group but usually those between ages 30 and 50 years. There is a recognized increased female predilection (F:M of ~2:1).
Associations
Scleritis can be associated with systemic in...
Article
Polymicrogyria
Polymicrogyria is a focal brain abnormality characterized by excessive abnormal small cerebral gyri with cortical over-folding, creating an irregular cortical surface and ill-defined grey-white matter junction 14. Counter-intuitively, it often appears as cortical thickening and simplification wh...
Article
Bern score
The Bern score, also known as the brain spontaneous intracranial hypotension (bSIH) score, is a predictive score derived from brain MRI findings in patients with suspected spontaneous intracranial hypotension. It stratifies patients into high, intermediate or low probability of finding a spinal ...
Article
Germinal matrix hemorrhage (grading mnemonic)
A mnemonic to remember the radiological grading of germinal matrix hemorrhage is:
CV2P
Mnemonic
It can be read as a central venous line
C: limited to the caudothalamic groove/ germinal matrix ( grade I )
V: expansion into ventricles less than 50% ( grade II )
V: dilated ventricles ( grade...
Article
Intracranial mesenchymal tumor, FET-CREB fusion-positive
Intracranial mesenchymal tumors, FET-CREB fusion-positive, are rare only recently described soft tissue neoplasms of intermediate malignancy. They are characterized by the fusion of the FET family of RNA-binding proteins to the CREB family of transcription factors, also seen in extracranial angi...
Article
Germinal matrix hemorrhage (grading)
Grading of germinal matrix hemorrhage has taken several forms over the years. The most commonly used system is the sonographic grading system proposed by Burstein, Papile, et al.
Classification
grade I
restricted to subependymal region/germinal matrix which is seen in the caudothalamic groov...
Article
Intraventricular hemorrhage of the newborn
Intraventricular hemorrhage of the newborn is a distinct entity and considered separately from intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) in adults.
In neonates, IVH is the result of germinal matrix hemorrhage, which ruptures through the ependymal lining and into the lateral ventricles.
Other causes of...
Article
Wilms tumor
Wilms tumor, also known as nephroblastoma, is a malignant pediatric renal tumor.
Epidemiology
Wilms tumors are the most common pediatric renal mass, accounting for over 85% of cases 1,8 and account for 7% of all childhood cancers 12. They typically occur in early childhood (1-11 years) with pe...
Article
Vertebral artery compression of the medulla syndrome (VAMCS)
Vertebral artery compression of the medulla syndrome (VAMCS) is a rare, possibly under-recognized clinical condition in which a vertebral artery exerts pressure on the medulla oblongata. This compression may result in a range of symptoms, often including motor, cerebellar, vestibular dysfunction...
Article
Germinal matrix hemorrhage
Germinal matrix hemorrhages, also known as periventricular-intraventricular hemorrhages (PVIH), are the commonest type of intracranial hemorrhage in neonates and are related to perinatal stress affecting the highly vascularized subependymal germinal matrix. The majority of cases occur in prematu...
Article
Photon-counting computed tomography
Photon-counting computed tomography uses energy-resolving detectors, thereby enabling scanning at multiple energies.
Technique
Physical principles
Clinical CT systems rely on energy-integrating detectors, which measure the total x-ray energy reaching the detector during the measurement period...
Article
Granuloma annulare
Granuloma annulare is a benign idiopathic inflammatory disorder of the dermis, characterized by formation of dermal papules in young children.
Clinical presentation
Granuloma annulare most commonly seen in kids between 2-12 years old and usually it occurs in extremities. One typical location i...
Article
Renal infarction
Renal infarction results from interruption of the normal blood supply to part of, or to the whole kidney. The main imaging differential diagnosis includes pyelonephritis and renal tumors.
Epidemiology
The demographics of affected patients will depend on the underlying cause, although as most c...
Article
Acetabular version angle
The acetabular version angle or acetabular anteversion angle is a measurement used on cross-sectional imaging especially pelvic CT for the assessment of acetabular morphology.
Usage
The acetabular version angle is influenced by pelvic obliquity and pelvic tilt, which might lead to measurement ...
Article
Helical CT image acquisition
Helical (a.k.a. spiral) CT image acquisition was a major advance on the earlier stepwise ("step and shoot") method which led to faster image acquisition of a continuous data set 1.
Clinical applications
Helical image acquisition is used in the vast majority of CT applications in which a large...
Article
Suboccipital triangle
The suboccipital triangles are a paired triangular-shaped space formed by the configuration of three paired muscles in the posterior neck between the occipital bone, C1 and C2.
Gross anatomy
The suboccipital triangle has an inferomedial pointing apex (pointing towards the nuchal ligament) form...