Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
More than 200 results
Article
Sirenomelia
Sirenomelia, also known as the mermaid syndrome, is a rare congenital malformation characterized by the fusion of lower limb structures. The exact etiology of this disease is unknown.
Terminology
sirenomelia sequence
sirenomelia syndrome
Epidemiology
The estimated incidence is at ~1 in 60,0...
Article
Tibioperoneal trunk
The tibioperoneal (TP) trunk, occasionally referred to as the tibiofibular trunk, is the direct continuation of the popliteal artery in the posterior upper leg after the origin of the anterior tibial artery. It is a short trunk that bifurcates into two terminal branches.
Terminology
Although ...
Article
LaPlace's law
LaPlace's law is important in understanding the behavior of dilated tubular structures, such as the bowel (e.g. diverticula) or vessels (e.g. aortic aneurysms, intracranial aneurysms).
It establishes the relationship between wall tension and the radius of the structure.
wall tension = intralu...
Article
Bone tumors (overview)
The term bone tumor can be applied to a bewildering number of entities including primary and metastatic neoplasms as well as a variety of metabolic, developmental, lymphoid, reactive and tumor-like lesions that affect bone1-4. Hence, there are a wide variety of radiological appearances.
A syste...
Article
Superior peroneal retinaculum injuries
Superior peroneal retinaculum injuries refer to a spectrum of acute and chronic injuries to the superior peroneal retinaculum at the ankle. They are one of the causes of lateral ankle pain and instability.
Clinical presentation
Acutely, superior peroneal retinaculum injuries can present simil...
Article
Snapping biceps femoris tendon
Snapping biceps femoris tendon or snapping biceps femoris syndrome is an infrequent pathology where the distal biceps tendon dislocates over the fibular head and relocates painfully.
Epidemiology
Snapping biceps femoris tendon is considered an uncommon entity 1-4.
Associations
It has been as...
Article
Malignant pleural disease
Malignant pleural disease usually heralds a poor prognosis, whether it represents a primary pleural malignancy or metastatic disease.
Epidemiology
The incidence of malignant pleural effusion is approximately 150,000 per annum in the USA and 50,000 per annum in the UK and affects ~20% of cance...
Article
Kaplan fibers of iliotibial band
Kaplan fibers are distinct fibrous connections between the iliotibial band and the distal femoral metaphysis.
Gross anatomy
Kaplan fibers are divided into two distinct structures 1:
proximal Kaplan fibers
distal Kaplan fibers
The proximal and distal Kaplan fibers originate from the undersur...
Article
Radical cystectomy
A radical cystectomy is a surgical treatment in patients most commonly indicated for patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer.
Indications
muscle-invasive bladder cancer 8
non-muscle invasive bladder cancer to local treatment (e.g. BCG therapy) 2,8
neurogenic or nonfunctioning bladder in...
Article
Situs solitus
Situs solitus (rare plural: sitūs soliti) refers to the normal position of the thoracic and abdominal organs. This will include a left-sided heart, also known as levocardia.
Radiographic features
Plain radiograph
On plain radiographs, careful attention should be directed at the location of th...
Article
Lung surgery
Lung (or pulmonary) surgery is most frequently performed for lung cancer and encompasses a broad spectrum of procedures:
sublobar resection
wedge resection
segmentectomy
lobectomy: commonest surgery for lung cancer
includes sleeve lobectomy and bi-lobectomy
pneumonectomy
Technique
Approa...
Article
Tennis leg
Tennis leg represents a myofascial or tendinous injury of the lower limb and, not surprisingly, is seen most frequently in tennis players.
Epidemiology
Although classically seen in people who play tennis, it can also be induced by playing squash, skiing, and athletics. Therefore, it typically ...
Article
Pseudosacculation
Pseudosacculations (also known as pseudodiverticula) are outpouchings of normal bowel wall along the antimesenteric border. Inflammation and fibrosis along the mesenteric border of the bowel loop causes asymmetric shortening of the mesenteric wall and subsequent pseudosacculations of the normal ...
Article
Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction complications (overview)
Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction complications are common, occurring in 10-25% of patients.
Clinical presentation
Patients with complications of ACL reconstruction can present with decreased range of motion (impingement or arthrofibrosis) and/or laxity (graft rupture or stretchi...
Article
Bipartite patella
A bipartite patella (two-part patella) is a patella with an unfused accessory ossification center, typically at the superolateral aspect.
Epidemiology
The superolateral accessory ossification center of the patella is usually present by 12 years of age and may persist into adult life. Bipartite...
Article
Hydronephrosis
Hydronephrosis (plural: hydronephroses) is defined as dilatation of the urinary collecting system of the kidney (the calyces, the infundibula, and the pelvis) 1.
Hydronephrosis in fetuses and newborns has specific causes that are covered in a separate article.
Terminology
The term hydroureter...
Article
Intracranial aneurysm (overview)
Intracranial aneurysms, also called cerebral aneurysms, are aneurysms of the intracranial arteries. The most common morphologic type is the saccular aneurysm, although a number of other morphologies and etiologies occur.
Due to a combination of thinner/weaker walls and Laplace's law, aneurysms...
Article
Hepatic encephalopathy
Hepatic encephalopathy, also known as acute hyperammonemic encephalopathy or portosystemic encephalopathy, refers to a spectrum of neuropsychiatric abnormalities occurring in patients with liver dysfunction and portal hypertension. It results from exposure of the brain to excessive amounts of am...
Article
Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome
Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome comprises two related conditions, both due to thiamine (vitamin B1) deficiency most commonly encountered in people with alcohol use disorder. Wernicke encephalopathy is the acute form, which classically presents with a triad of acute confusion, ataxia, and ophthalmopl...
Article
Ileal atresia
Ileal atresia is a congenital abnormality where there is significant stenosis or complete absence of a portion of the ileum. There is an increased incidence in those with chromosomal abnormalities.
This article will focus on ileal atresia alone but bear in mind that some cases correspond to jej...
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