Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
More than 200 results
Article
Meniscal degeneration
Meniscal degeneration is a process that often occurs due to gradual wear and is commonly associated with advanced knee osteoarthritis. It may or may not be associated with a chronic tear.
See also
meniscal tears
meniscal fraying
Article
Multiple endocrine neoplasia syndromes
Multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) syndromes are a collection of syndromes characterized by the presence of, as the name would suggest, multiple neuroendocrine tumors. They are autosomal dominant in inheritance.
MEN1 (Wermer syndrome)
MEN2 (multiple endocrine adenomatosis)
MEN2a (Sipple syndr...
Article
Neuroendocrine neoplasm
Neuroendocrine neoplasms, also commonly known as neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) or carcinoid tumors, comprise a large heterogeneous group of benign and malignant tumors derived from multipotent stem cells found in both endocrine and non-endocrine organs, as well as the diffuse neuroendocrine syste...
Article
Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors
Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (pNET), also known as endocrine tumors of the pancreas, arise from pancreatic ductal stem cells and include some distinct tumors that match the cell type of origin.
Terminology
Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors have commonly been referred to as "islet cell tumo...
Article
WHO classification of breast tumors (5th ed.)
The WHO classification of breast tumors is the most widely used pathologic classification system for such disorders. This classification was last revised in 2019 with the publication of the 5th edition 1.
Classification
Epithelial tumors of the breast
benign epithelial proliferation and prec...
Article
Congenital pseudoarthrosis of the tibia
Congenital pseudoarthrosis of the tibia, or anterolateral bowing of the tibia with congenital dysplasia, describes abnormal bowing that can progress to a segment of bone loss simulating the appearance of a joint. The condition is usually apparent shortly after birth and rarely diagnosed after ag...
Article
Crawford classification (disambiguation)
There are two distinct and unrelated classification systems which are commonly referred to as the Crawford classification:
Crawford classification thoracoabdominal aneurysms
Crawford (and Schorry) classification of congenital tibial dysplasia
Article
Crawford classification of thoracoabdominal aneurysms
The Crawford classification system is used to classify thoracoabdominal aneurysms and has important therapeutic implications. Precise classification of anatomical features allows accurate risk stratification and appropriate operative planning 1,2.
Classification
The system divides thoracoabdo...
Article
Tabar 5-tier grading system
The Tabar 5-tier grading system is used to classify mammographic lesions.
This system should not be confused with the Tabar classification of parenchymal patterns in breast imaging.
Usage
The Tabar classification is in common use during breast screening in Australia and New Zealand (c. 2018...
Article
Crawford and Schorry classification of congenital tibial dysplasia
The Crawford and Schorry classification, sometimes referred to simply as the Crawford classification, is used to describe congenital tibial dysplasia.
Usage
The Crawford and Schorry classification is mostly descriptive and does not offer much guidance on the treatment of the condition 1-3.
Cl...
Article
PGMI image evaluation system of mammography
PGMI (Perfect, Good, Moderate, Inadequate) image evaluation system (IES) was developed by the United Kingdom Mammography Trainers Group with the support of the College of Radiographers, aiming to ensure the maintenance of a high standard of mammography in breast screening and to facilitate a met...
Article
Sirenomelia
Sirenomelia, also known as the mermaid syndrome, is a rare congenital malformation characterized by the fusion of lower limb structures. The exact etiology of this disease is unknown.
Terminology
sirenomelia sequence
sirenomelia syndrome
Epidemiology
The estimated incidence is at ~1 in 60,0...
Article
Tibioperoneal trunk
The tibioperoneal (TP) trunk, occasionally referred to as the tibiofibular trunk, is the direct continuation of the popliteal artery in the posterior upper leg after the origin of the anterior tibial artery. It is a short trunk that bifurcates into two terminal branches.
Terminology
Although ...
Article
LaPlace's law
LaPlace's law is important in understanding the behavior of dilated tubular structures, such as the bowel (e.g. diverticula) or vessels (e.g. aortic aneurysms, intracranial aneurysms).
It establishes the relationship between wall tension and the radius of the structure.
wall tension = intralu...
Article
Bone tumors (overview)
The term bone tumor can be applied to a bewildering number of entities including primary and metastatic neoplasms as well as a variety of metabolic, developmental, lymphoid, reactive and tumor-like lesions that affect bone1-4. Hence, there are a wide variety of radiological appearances.
A syste...
Article
Superior peroneal retinaculum injuries
Superior peroneal retinaculum injuries refer to a spectrum of acute and chronic injuries to the superior peroneal retinaculum at the ankle. They are one of the causes of lateral ankle pain and instability.
Clinical presentation
Acutely, superior peroneal retinaculum injuries can present simil...
Article
Snapping biceps femoris tendon
Snapping biceps femoris tendon or snapping biceps femoris syndrome is an infrequent pathology where the distal biceps tendon dislocates over the fibular head and relocates painfully.
Epidemiology
Snapping biceps femoris tendon is considered an uncommon entity 1-4.
Associations
It has been as...
Article
Malignant pleural disease
Malignant pleural disease usually heralds a poor prognosis, whether it represents a primary pleural malignancy or metastatic disease.
Epidemiology
The incidence of malignant pleural effusion is approximately 150,000 per annum in the USA and 50,000 per annum in the UK and affects ~20% of cance...
Article
Kaplan fibers of iliotibial band
Kaplan fibers are distinct fibrous connections between the iliotibial band and the distal femoral metaphysis.
Gross anatomy
Kaplan fibers are divided into two distinct structures 1:
proximal Kaplan fibers
distal Kaplan fibers
The proximal and distal Kaplan fibers originate from the undersur...
Article
Radical cystectomy
A radical cystectomy is a surgical treatment in patients most commonly indicated for patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer.
Indications
muscle-invasive bladder cancer 8
non-muscle invasive bladder cancer to local treatment (e.g. BCG therapy) 2,8
neurogenic or nonfunctioning bladder in...
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