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Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.

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Video

Video files are useful in a very limited number of situations, but should not be used for routine stacks of scrollable images (such as CT or MRI). When to use video Rarely is video mandatory, but some studies do benefit from this. The reasons to use video include: ultrasound cine clips car...

Buffalo hump

A buffalo hump describes lipomatosis of the posterior neck and interscapular region. It may be idiopathic or caused by a variety of underlying medical conditions: idiopathic Cushing syndrome 1 Cushing disease steroid therapy HIV-associated lipodystrophy 2 Madelung disease (usually in the s...

Ganglioneuroma

Ganglioneuromas are fully differentiated neuronal tumors that do not contain immature elements and potentially occur anywhere along with the peripheral autonomic ganglion sites. On imaging, usually, they present as well-defined solid masses and can be quite large at presentation. Generally, th...

de Carvalho index of patellar height

The de Carvalho index is used to measure patellar height and identify patella alta. It is similar to the Caton-Deschamps index and relies upon the length of the patellar articular surface and its distance from the tibia. This helps in reducing erroneous measurements in those with long patellar b...

Iliotibial band

The iliotibial band (ITB) or tract is a thick band of fascia along the lateral aspect of the thigh. Gross anatomy The ITB is a thickening in the fascia lata. Superiorly, it splits to enclose and anchor the aponeurosis of tensor fasciae latae and posteriorly most of the tendon of gluteus maximu...

Magnetic Resonance Index of Activity (Crohn disease)

The Magnetic Resonance Index of Activity (MaRIA) scoring system assesses ileocolonic Crohn disease activity on contrast-enhanced MRI enterography. The segmental index represents disease severity in one bowel segment whilst assessing six defined anatomic regions; these can be combined into a glob...

Clermont score (Crohn disease)

The Clermont score or DWI-MaRIA scoring system assesses ileocolonic Crohn disease activity on noncontrast MRI enterography. It is based on the earlier Magnetic Resonance Index of Activity (MaRIA) index, however, it does not require intravenous gadolinium by substituting relative contrast enhance...

MELD score (chronic liver disease)

The MELD score (Model for End-stage Liver Disease) is a classification used to grade chronic liver disease in preparation for liver transplantation in adults. The score has prognostic value in terms of three-month mortality. Usage Three-month mortality of patients with chronic liver disease pe...

Medical abbreviations and acronyms (P)

This article contains a list of commonly used medical abbreviations and acronyms that start with the letter P and may be encountered in medicine and radiology (please keep the main list and any sublists in alphabetic order). A - B - C - D - E - F - G - H - I - J - K - L - M - N - O - P - Q - R ...

Chiari malformations

Chiari malformations are a group of structural conditions characterized by congenital caudal 'displacement' of the cerebellar tonsils below the foramen magnum, often with associated caudal displacement of brainstem. Terminology The description of 'malformation' may not be accurate for Chiari 0...

Adenosine

Adenosine is a vasodilating agent, which acts on the vascular smooth muscle surface and leads to vasodilation and a considerable increased vascular flow. NB: This article aims to give a summarized description of adenosine. For detailed and exact information please refer to the information and d...

Balthazar score (acute pancreatitis)

The Balthazar score is a subscore within the CT severity index (CTSI) for grading acute pancreatitis. The CTSI sums two scores: Balthazar score: grading of pancreatitis (A-E) grading the extent of pancreatic necrosis The Balthazar score was originally used alone, but adding a score for panc...

Brachytherapy

Brachytherapy, also known as sealed source radiation therapy or endocurietherapy, is a form of radiation therapy where a radioactive source is placed, under the guidance of imaging, within or next to the area requiring treatment. This provides localized targeted internal radiation. Brachytherap...

Modified Fisher scale of subarachnoid hemorrhage

The modified Fisher scale is a method for radiological grading subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) secondary to intracranial aneurysm rupture, assessed on the first non-contrast CT. It was modified from the original Fisher scale in 2006 1 to account for patients with thick cisternal blood and concomi...

Medullary thyroid cancer (staging)

Medullary thyroid cancer staging refers to TNM staging of medullary thyroid carcinomas. Papillary, follicular, and anaplastic thyroid carcinomas have similar TNM category definitions but different prognostic stage group definitions. The following article reflects the 8th version published by the...

Anaplastic thyroid cancer (staging)

Anaplastic thyroid cancer staging refers to TNM staging of anaplastic thyroid carcinomas. Papillary, follicular, and medullary thyroid carcinomas are staged separately. The following article reflects the 8th version manual published by the American Joint Committee on Cancer, which is used for st...

Differentiated thyroid cancer (staging)

Differentiated thyroid cancer staging refers to TNM staging of papillary thyroid cancer and follicular thyroid cancer. Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma and medullary thyroid carcinoma are staged separately. The following article reflects the 8th version published by the American Joint Committee on C...

Cutaneous carcinoma of the head and neck (staging)

Cutaneous carcinoma of the head and neck staging refers to TNM staging of nonmelanoma skin cancer involving the scalp, external ear, neck, or face including external lips. The system applies to cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma and numerous other skin carcinomas, notably excluding carcinoma of s...

Mucosal melanoma of the head and neck (staging)

Mucosal melanoma of the head and neck staging refers to TNM staging of mucosal melanoma involving the nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, oral cavity, and, less commonly, pharynx and larynx. The system is distinct from staging of carcinomas of those sites and of cutaneous melanoma. The following ar...

Laryngeal carcinoma (staging)

Laryngeal carcinoma staging refers to TNM staging of carcinomas involving the supraglottic, glottic, and subglottic larynx. The vast majority of applicable cases are squamous cell carcinomas, but other epithelial tumors are also included. The following article reflects the 8th version published ...

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