Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
More than 200 results
Article
Metacarpophalangeal joint dislocation
Metacarpophalangeal joint (MCPJ) dislocations are uncommon dislocations of the hand.
Epidemiology
Metacarpophalangeal joint dislocations account for ~3-5% of all dislocations 1,2.
The thumb is the most commonly affected digit, followed by the little finger 2.
Clinical presentation
The initi...
Article
Ulnar nerve dislocation (at elbow)
Ulnar nerve dislocation, or it if occurs to lesser degree, ulnar nerve subluxation, at the elbow is an uncommon cause of pain and paresthesia in an ulnar nerve distribution. It occurs if the ulnar nerve subluxes and then dislocates over the anterior aspect of the medial epicondyle during flexion...
Article
Cor pulmonale
Cor pulmonale refers to altered structure and function of the right ventricle due to chronic lung disease-related pulmonary hypertension (group 3). The mechanism involves hypoxic vasoconstriction which leads to permanent changes in the pulmonary vascular bed. Cor pulmonale generally progresses s...
Article
Distal intersection syndrome
The distal intersection syndrome relates to tenosynovitis of the extensor pollicis longus (EPL) tendon (3rd extensor compartment), where it crosses the extensor carpi radialis longus (ECRL) and brevis (ECRB) tendons (2nd extensor compartment) 1. It is distinct from intersection syndrome which oc...
Article
Ectopia cordis
Ectopia cordis is an extremely rare congenital malformation where the heart is partially or totally outside the thoracic cavity.
Epidemiology
The incidence is ~7 (range 5.5-7.9) per 1,000,000 live births 10.
Pathology
Ectopia cordis results from the failure of lateral mesoderm migration int...
Article
Bone tumors (overview)
The term bone tumor can be applied to a bewildering number of entities including primary and metastatic neoplasms as well as a variety of metabolic, developmental, lymphoid, reactive and tumor-like lesions that affect bone1-4. Hence, there are a wide variety of radiological appearances.
A syste...
Article
Ganglioneuroma
Ganglioneuromas are fully differentiated neuronal tumors that do not contain immature elements and potentially occur anywhere along with the peripheral autonomic ganglion sites.
On imaging, usually, they present as well-defined solid masses and can be quite large at presentation. Generally, th...
Article
Malignant pleural disease
Malignant pleural disease usually heralds a poor prognosis, whether it represents a primary pleural malignancy or metastatic disease.
Epidemiology
The incidence of malignant pleural effusion is approximately 150,000 per annum in the USA and 50,000 per annum in the UK and affects ~20% of cance...
Article
Renal angiomyolipoma
Renal angiomyolipomas (AML) are a type of benign renal neoplasm encountered both sporadically and as part of a phakomatosis, most commonly tuberous sclerosis. They are considered one of a number of tumors with perivascular epithelioid cellular differentiation (PEComas) and are composed of vascul...
Article
Diffuse tenosynovial giant cell tumor
Diffuse tenosynovial giant cell tumor, previously known as pigmented villonodular synovitis (PVNS), is an uncommon benign condition. It is most commonly monoarticular (~70% in the knee joint), but can occasionally be polyarticular.
Please see the overview article tenosynovial giant cell tumor ...
Article
Uterine leiomyosarcoma
Uterine leiomyosarcomas are malignant uterine tumors that arise from the myometrium. The uterus is the commonest location for a leiomyosarcoma.
Epidemiology
Typically, these tumors present in women in the 6th decade. They account for up to one-third of uterine sarcomas but only ~8% of all uter...
Article
Adrenal insufficiency
Adrenal insufficiency refers to inadequate secretion of corticosteroids (glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids).
Terminology
It may occur from partial or complete destruction of the adrenal cortex, in which case it is termed primary adrenal insufficiency (also known as Addison disease). Secon...
Article
Silent sinus syndrome
Silent sinus syndrome represents maxillary sinus atelectasis, resulting in painless enophthalmos, hypoglobus and facial asymmetry 1,3. Some authors restrict the term to patients with no history of sinusitis, trauma or surgery 2. Some authors suggest it is part of the spectrum of chronic maxillar...
Article
Bochdalek's flower basket
Bochdalek's flower basket is the eponymous name for the incidental normal variant finding of protrusion of the choroid plexus through the foramina of Luschka.
Epidemiology
This is a relatively common finding, with calcified Bochdalek's flower basket found in 38% of patients above the age of 5...
Article
Uterine leiomyoma
Uterine leiomyomas, also known as uterine fibroids, are benign tumors of myometrial origin and are the most common solid benign uterine neoplasms. They are a common incidental finding on imaging and rarely cause diagnostic dilemma.
Epidemiology
They are clinically apparent in ~25% of women of ...
Article
Medical abbreviations and acronyms (P)
This article contains a list of commonly used medical abbreviations and acronyms that start with the letter P and may be encountered in medicine and radiology (please keep the main list and any sublists in alphabetic order).
A - B - C - D - E - F - G - H - I - J - K - L - M - N - O - P - Q - R ...
Article
Central nervous system vasculitis
Central nervous system (CNS) vasculitides represent a heterogeneous group of inflammatory diseases (vasculitis or cerebral angiitis) affecting the walls of blood vessels in the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. It affects predominantly small and medium sized vessels but can also involve large ve...
Article
Lipiodol
Lipiodol (also known as ethiodized oil) is an oil-based iodinated contrast medium that was historically used for myelography and hysterosalpingography 1. It was later superseded by newer, less hazardous, agents, and now is used primarily as a therapeutic agent. Guerbet was previously the sole ma...
Article
Prostatic artery embolization
Prostatic artery embolization (PAE) is a minimally invasive procedure utilized to treat benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH).
Indications
PAE has been used for controlling prostatic hemorrhage (such as that associated prostate cancer) since 1970. However, its use in the treatment of lower urina...
Article
Anatomical side marker
An anatomical side marker, also known as a side marker or orientation marker, is the label on a medical image denoting which side of the body it is.
Historically in radiography, the side marker was a physical marker placed by the radiographer at the side of the patient so that it would be captu...
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