Articles

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More than 200 results
Article

Coarctation of the aorta

Coarctation of the aorta (CoA) refers to a narrowing of the aortic lumen. Epidemiology Coarctations account for between 5-8% of all congenital heart defects. They are more frequent in males, M:F ratio of ~2-3:1. Associations As with many congenital abnormalities, coarctation of the aorta is ...
Article

Interrupted aortic arch

Interrupted aortic arch (IAA) is an uncommon congenital cardiovascular anomaly where there is a separation between the ascending and descending aorta. It can either be complete or connected by a remnant fibrous band. An accompanying large ventricular septal defect (VSD) and/or patent ductus arte...
Article

Ulnar nerve dislocation (at elbow)

Ulnar nerve dislocation (or it if occurs to lesser degree ulnar nerve subluxation) at the elbow is an uncommon cause of pain and paresthesia in the ulnar nerve distribution. It occurs if the ulnar nerve subluxes and then dislocates over the anterior aspect of the medial epicondyle during flexion...
Article

Megalencephalic leukoencephalopathy with subcortical cysts

Megalencephalic leukoencephalopathy with subcortical cysts, also known as Van der Knaap disease, refers to a rare inherited autosomal recessive disease characterized by diffuse subcortical leukoencephalopathy associated with white matter cystic degeneration.  Epidemiology The age at symptoms m...
Article

Extensor carpi ulnaris tendinopathy

Extensor carpi ulnaris (ECU) tendinopathy is varied and includes tendinosis, (stenosing) tenosynovitis, tendon instability, and (rarely) rupture.  Epidemiology Athletes at increased risk of ECU tendinopathy include those who participate in 1,2: racquet sports, e.g. tennis club sports, e.g. g...
Article

Scleritis

Scleritis refers to inflammation of the sclera. It has a wide range of causes. Epidemiology It can affect any age group but usually those between ages 30 and 50 years. There is a recognized increased female predilection (F:M of ~2:1). Associations Scleritis can be associated with systemic in...
Article

Polymicrogyria

Polymicrogyria is a focal brain abnormality characterized by excessive abnormal small cerebral gyri with cortical over-folding, creating an irregular cortical surface and ill-defined grey-white matter junction 14. Counter-intuitively, it often appears as cortical thickening and simplification wh...
Article

Bern score

The Bern score, also known as the brain spontaneous intracranial hypotension (bSIH) score, is a predictive score derived from brain MRI findings in patients with suspected spontaneous intracranial hypotension. It stratifies patients into high, intermediate or low probability of finding a spinal ...
Article

Germinal matrix hemorrhage (grading mnemonic)

A mnemonic to remember the radiological grading of germinal matrix hemorrhage is: CV2P  Mnemonic It can be read as a central venous line C: limited to the caudothalamic groove/ germinal matrix ( grade I ) V: expansion into ventricles less than 50% ( grade II ) V: dilated ventricles ( grade...
Article

Intracranial mesenchymal tumor, FET-CREB fusion-positive

Intracranial mesenchymal tumors, FET-CREB fusion-positive, are rare only recently described soft tissue neoplasms of intermediate malignancy. They are characterized by the fusion of the FET family of RNA-binding proteins to the CREB family of transcription factors, also seen in extracranial angi...
Article

Germinal matrix hemorrhage (grading)

Grading of germinal matrix hemorrhage has taken several forms over the years. The most commonly used system is the sonographic grading system proposed by Burstein, Papile, et al.  Classification grade I restricted to subependymal region/germinal matrix which is seen in the caudothalamic groov...
Article

Intraventricular hemorrhage of the newborn

Intraventricular hemorrhage of the newborn is a distinct entity and considered separately from intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) in adults. In neonates, IVH is the result of germinal matrix hemorrhage, which ruptures through the ependymal lining and into the lateral ventricles. Other causes of...
Article

Wilms tumor

Wilms tumor, also known as nephroblastoma, is a malignant pediatric renal tumor. Epidemiology Wilms tumors are the most common pediatric renal mass, accounting for over 85% of cases 1,8 and account for 7% of all childhood cancers 12. They typically occur in early childhood (1-11 years) with pe...
Article

Vertebral artery compression of the medulla syndrome (VAMCS)

Vertebral artery compression of the medulla syndrome (VAMCS) is a rare, possibly under-recognized clinical condition in which a vertebral artery exerts pressure on the medulla oblongata. This compression may result in a range of symptoms, often including motor, cerebellar, vestibular dysfunction...
Article

Germinal matrix hemorrhage

Germinal matrix hemorrhages, also known as periventricular-intraventricular hemorrhages (PVIH), are the commonest type of intracranial hemorrhage in neonates and are related to perinatal stress affecting the highly vascularized subependymal germinal matrix. The majority of cases occur in prematu...
Article

Photon-counting computed tomography

Photon-counting computed tomography uses energy-resolving detectors, thereby enabling scanning at multiple energies. Technique Physical principles Clinical CT systems rely on energy-integrating detectors, which measure the total x-ray energy reaching the detector during the measurement period...
Article

Granuloma annulare

Granuloma annulare is a benign idiopathic inflammatory disorder of the dermis, characterized by formation of dermal papules in young children. Clinical presentation Granuloma annulare most commonly seen in kids between 2-12 years old and usually it occurs in extremities. One typical location i...
Article

Renal infarction

Renal infarction results from interruption of the normal blood supply to part of, or to the whole kidney. The main imaging differential diagnosis includes pyelonephritis and renal tumors. Epidemiology The demographics of affected patients will depend on the underlying cause, although as most c...
Article

Acetabular version angle

The acetabular version angle or acetabular anteversion angle is a measurement used on cross-sectional imaging especially pelvic CT for the assessment of acetabular morphology. Usage The acetabular version angle is influenced by pelvic obliquity and pelvic tilt, which might lead to measurement ...
Article

Helical CT image acquisition

Helical (a.k.a. spiral) CT image acquisition was a major advance on the earlier stepwise ("step and shoot") method which led to faster image acquisition of a continuous data set 1. Clinical applications Helical image acquisition is used in the vast majority of CT applications in which a large...
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