Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
More than 200 results
Article
Pancoast tumor
Pancoast tumor, also known as superior sulcus tumor, refers to a relatively uncommon situation where a primary lung cancer arises in the lung apex and invades the surrounding soft tissues. Classically, a Pancoast syndrome results, but this is only seen in one-quarter of cases.
Terminology
The...
Article
Crowned dens syndrome
Crowned dens syndrome is an inflammatory condition resulting from crystal deposition in the cruciform and alar ligaments surrounding the dens, appearing as a radiopaque "crown" surrounding the top of the dens. It typically presents with pain and increased inflammatory markers.
Terminology
The...
Article
Calcific tendinitis of the longus colli muscle
Calcific tendinitis of the longus colli muscles is an inflammatory/granulomatous response to the deposition of calcium hydroxyapatite crystals in the tendons of the longus colli muscle. It is sometimes more generically known as calcific prevertebral tendinitis or, less accurately, as retropharyn...
Article
Tenosynovitis
Tenosynovitis is a term describing the inflammation of the synovial membrane surrounding a tendon. It may be seen with or without tendinosis/tendinitis. The synovial membrane is part of a fluid-filled sheath that surrounds a tendon.
Clinical presentation
joint swelling
pain in the affected ar...
Article
Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease
Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD), also sometimes referred to as adult polycystic kidney disease, is an inherited form of adult cystic renal disease.
Epidemiology
Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease is one of the most common serious hereditary diseases, found in 1:...
Article
Hashimoto thyroiditis
Hashimoto thyroiditis, also known as lymphocytic thyroiditis or chronic autoimmune thyroiditis, is a subtype of autoimmune thyroiditis. It is one of the most common thyroid disorders and causes of hypothyroidism 17.
Epidemiology
Hashimoto thyroiditis affects ~2% of all women (F:M = 10-15:1), m...
Article
Scapholunate dissociation
Scapholunate dissociation, also known as rotary subluxation of the scaphoid, refers to an abnormal orientation of the scaphoid relative to the lunate and implies severe injury to the scapholunate interosseous ligament and other stabilizing ligaments.
Carpal dissociation implies carpal instabili...
Article
Pancreatic trauma injury grading
Several pancreatic injury grading systems have been proposed for pancreatic trauma.
Classifications
American Association for the Surgery of Trauma (AAST)
The proximal pancreas is defined as the gland to the right of the superior mesenteric vein (SMV)-portal vein axis, whereas the distal pancr...
Article
Causes of cone-shaped epiphysis (mnemonic)
A useful mnemonic for remembering the causes of cone-shaped epiphysis is:
ABCDE MOST
Mnemonic
A: achondroplasia, acrodysostosis
B: Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome
C: chondroplasia punctata, Cockayne syndrome, conorenal syndrome, cleidocranial dysplasia, cartilage-hair hypoplasia
D: dactylitis,...
Article
Prostate cancer
Prostate cancer ranks as the most common primary malignant tumor in men and the second most common cause of cancer-related deaths in men. Prostatic adenocarcinoma is by far the most common histological type and is the primary focus of this article.
Terminology
The aim of prostate MRI is to det...
Article
Investigation of hemoptysis (summary)
This is a basic article for medical students and other non-radiologists.
Hemoptysis is the coughing up of frank blood or blood-stained mucus/pus from the lungs and it is an important indicator of pathology. Careful assessment of history, clinical examination and investigations will help elicit ...
Article
Neuroblastoma (image-defined risk factors)
Image-defined risk factors are imaging features seen at the time of neuroblastoma diagnosis that confer a poorer prognosis. The International Neuroblastoma Risk Group (INRG) suggested an update (2009) to the neuroblastoma staging with a list of features that, if present, upstages a patient with ...
Article
Midgut volvulus
Midgut volvulus is a complication of bowel malrotation usually seen in neonates and infants. Presentation is usually with proximal small bowel obstruction and bilious vomiting. Without prompt treatment, there is a real and significant risk of small bowel ischemia, significant associated morbidit...
Article
MRI Osteoarthritis Knee Score (MOAKS)
MRI Osteoarthritis Knee Score (MOAKS) is a semi-quantitative scoring tool published in 2011 that was developed from the Whole Organ Magnetic Resonance Imaging Score (WORMS) and Boston Leeds Osteoarthritis Knee Score (BLOKS) scoring tools 1-3.
Usage
MOAKS has been shown to have very good to exc...
Article
Anal sphincter injury
Anal sphincter injury is a form of perineal trauma that can involve internal or external anal sphincters and may extend to the anorectal mucosa in severe cases.
This article is focusing on the most common type of anal sphincter injury that is associated with vaginal delivery, and represents thi...
Article
Sildenafil citrate-induced penile Doppler
Sildenafil citrate-induced penile Doppler is a technique for evaluating erectile dysfunction. It has greater patient acceptability than the usual papaverine-induced color Doppler and is safer.
Sildenafil citrate is a popular vasodilator drug used in treatment of erectile dysfunction and can ach...
Article
Palatoglossus muscle
The palatoglossus muscle is one of the four extrinsic muscles of the tongue. The paired muscles create ridges of mucous membrane in the lateral pharyngeal wall called the palatoglossal arches (also known as the anterior pillars of the fauces). These form the lateral boundary between the oral cav...
Article
Judet and Letournel classification for acetabular fractures
The Judet and Letournel classification divides acetabular fractures into ten major fracture patterns, five simple patterns and five complex patterns 1,2.
Usage
The Judet and Letournal classification is the most commonly used system for classifying acetabular fractures (c.2023), and its primary...
Article
Lund-Mackay score
The Lund-Mackay score is a CT-based scoring system for chronic rhinosinusitis 1 and is popular due to its simplicity and high inter and intra-observer reliability 6,7.
Lund-Mackay score
When reading a CT scan of the paranasal sinuses and ostiomeatal complex, the reader assigns each sinus a sco...
Article
Rotator cuff calcific tendinitis barbotage
Rotator cuff calcific tendonitis can be treated with various techniques including ultrasound-guided barbotage, which is also known as ultrasound-guided needling and lavage. It is often performed in conjunction with a subacromial bursal injection. Alternative treatments include extracorporeal sho...
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