Articles

Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.

More than 200 results
Article

Endometrioid carcinoma of the ovary

Endometrioid carcinomas of the ovary are a subtype of epithelial ovarian tumors. The vast majority are malignant and invasive. On imaging, they are usually characterized as complex, non-specific solid-cystic masses and are associated with endometriosis.  Epidemiology Endometrioid carcinomas ac...
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Ligament of Treitz

The ligament of Treitz, also known as the suspensory ligament of the duodenum, is a double fold of peritoneum suspending the duodenojejunal flexure from the retroperitoneum. It is often used interchangeably with duodenojejunal flexure. Anatomy The ligament of Treitz comprises two parts:  acc...
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Renal dysgenesis

Renal dysgenesis is a very broad term which can include any form underdevelopment of the kidneys. The spectrum includes: renal agenesis: complete lack of formation renal hypoplasia: partial lack of formation Some authors also classify any form of renal maldevelopment affecting size, shape of ...
Article

Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (staging)

Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) (also known as cervical dysplasia) is the potentailly premalignant stage in the dysplastic changes in the squamous epithelium of the cervix.  Grading of CIN is based on the degree of dysplasia seen in a sample of cervical tissue: CIN I similar to condy...
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Bilateral hypertranslucent hemithoraces

Bilateral hypertranslucent hemithoraces is the presence of decreased density of the hemithoraces bilaterally on a plain chest radiograph. This hypertranslucency, a.k.a. hyperlucency, may be focal or diffuse 1.  Also see unilateral hypertranslucent hemithorax.  Focal pulmonary bullae localize...
Article

Bone surface lesions

Bone surface lesions refer to all neoplastic or neoplastic-like lesions arising from the bone surface (cortex, periosteum, and parosteal fibrous tissues) and developing outside of the bone medullary canal. Neoplastic fat-containing matrix parosteal lipoma parosteal osteoliposarcoma 2 bone m...
Article

Prostate cancer (summary)

This is a basic article for medical students and other non-radiologists Prostate cancer, also called carcinoma of the prostate or prostate carcinoma, is the commonest malignant tumor in men. It is primarily a disease of old age and many men remain asymptomatic.  Reference article This is a su...
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Sinonasal mucosal melanoma

Sinonasal mucosal melanoma (SNMM) is a very rare and unique subtype of malignant melanoma. Epidemiology Sinonasal mucosal melanomas account for ~1% of malignant melanomas and <4% of head and neck cancers 1,2. They affect older patients (60-90 years old) 2. There is a higher incidence in Japan ...
Article

Cervical incompetence

Cervical incompetence refers to a painless spontaneous dilatation of the cervix and is a common cause of second trimester pregnancy failure. Epidemiology The estimated incidence varies geographically and generally thought to be around 1-1.5% of all pregnancies 1,15. Clinical presentation Typ...
Article

Apical chest mass

Apical chest masses are often important and may be missed, especially when examined with a plain chest radiograph. It is always recommended to perform a targeted assessment of the apices of the lungs during a chest x-ray; they are one of the classic review areas. Pathology Etiology Commonly a...
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Migratory pulmonary consolidation

Migratory pulmonary consolidation, also known as wandering pulmonary consolidation, refer to air space opacities that change in location over time, and are characteristic of a subset of lung diseases. The differential diagnoses include: organizing pneumonia 1 recurrent aspiration pneumonia e...
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Gastrointestinal bleeding

Gastrointestinal ​(GI) bleeding refers to hemorrhage into the lumen of the gastrointestinal tract; it is commonly clinically subdivided into whether it occurs into the upper (proximal) or lower (distal) GI tract: upper GI bleeding bleeding proximal to the ligament of Treitz, i.e. proximal to t...
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Pulmonary hemorrhage complicating multifocal infection

Pulmonary hemorrhage complicating multifocal infection is one of the causes of diffuse pulmonary hemorrhage (and particularly diffuse alveolar hemorrhage). The type of infection can depend on immunocompetency status as well as presence of absence of concurrent vasculitic, connective tissue or co...
Article

Raymond V Damadian

Raymond V Damadian (1936-2022) was a pioneer in the field of MRI and inventor of one of the first MRI scanners. Early life Raymond Vahan Damadian was born on 16 March 1936 in Forest Hills, New York City and was a child prodigy. He studied violin at the Juilliard School of Music for eight years...
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Mirror image artifact

Mirror image artifact in sonography is seen when there is a highly reflective surface (e.g. diaphragm) in the path of the primary beam. The primary beam reflects from such a surface (e.g. diaphragm) but instead of directly being received by the transducer, it encounters another structure (e.g. ...
Article

Radiation-induced liver disease

Radiation-induced liver disease (RILD), also known as radiation hepatitis, represents the toxic effect of radiation therapy on normal hepatocytes.   This article will discuss liver toxicity appearances after external beam radiotherapy techniques. Please refer to the dedicated article on selecti...
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Primary hepatic lymphoma

Primary hepatic lymphoma (PHL) is very rare, with approximately 100 described cases. If it is being considered as a diagnosis, distant lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly, bone marrow disease, and leukemia should not be present for at least 6 months after the liver tumor has been detected (see: second...
Article

Esophageal cancer (summary)

This is a basic article for medical students and other non-radiologists Esophageal cancer is a relatively uncommon tumor that occurs within the esophagus of affected individuals. Patients present with symptoms of increasing dysphagia that progress from solid foods to liquids. Reference article...
Article

Zygomaticomaxillary complex fracture

Zygomaticomaxillary complex (ZMC) fractures, also known as tripod, tetrapod, quadripod, malar or trimalar fractures, are seen in the setting of traumatic injury to the face. They comprise fractures of the: zygomatic arch inferior orbital rim, and anterior and posterior maxillary sinus walls l...
Article

Pediatric lung lesions

Pulmonary lung lesions are a heterogeneous group of lung lesions: Parenchymal hypoplasia lung agenesis-hypoplasia complex bronchial atresia hypogenetic lung syndrome (Scimitar syndrome) Cystic lesions Pediatric cystic lung lesions: congenital lobar overinflation congenital cystic adenoma...
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