Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
More than 200 results
Article
Endometrioid carcinoma of the ovary
Endometrioid carcinomas of the ovary are a subtype of epithelial ovarian tumors. The vast majority are malignant and invasive. On imaging, they are usually characterized as complex, non-specific solid-cystic masses and are associated with endometriosis.
Epidemiology
Endometrioid carcinomas ac...
Article
Ligament of Treitz
The ligament of Treitz, also known as the suspensory ligament of the duodenum, is a double fold of peritoneum suspending the duodenojejunal flexure from the retroperitoneum.
It is often used interchangeably with duodenojejunal flexure.
Anatomy
The ligament of Treitz comprises two parts:
acc...
Article
Renal dysgenesis
Renal dysgenesis is a very broad term which can include any form underdevelopment of the kidneys. The spectrum includes:
renal agenesis: complete lack of formation
renal hypoplasia: partial lack of formation
Some authors also classify any form of renal maldevelopment affecting size, shape of ...
Article
Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (staging)
Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) (also known as cervical dysplasia) is the potentailly premalignant stage in the dysplastic changes in the squamous epithelium of the cervix.
Grading of CIN is based on the degree of dysplasia seen in a sample of cervical tissue:
CIN I
similar to condy...
Article
Bilateral hypertranslucent hemithoraces
Bilateral hypertranslucent hemithoraces is the presence of decreased density of the hemithoraces bilaterally on a plain chest radiograph. This hypertranslucency, a.k.a. hyperlucency, may be focal or diffuse 1.
Also see unilateral hypertranslucent hemithorax.
Focal
pulmonary bullae
localize...
Article
Bone surface lesions
Bone surface lesions refer to all neoplastic or neoplastic-like lesions arising from the bone surface (cortex, periosteum, and parosteal fibrous tissues) and developing outside of the bone medullary canal.
Neoplastic
fat-containing matrix
parosteal lipoma
parosteal osteoliposarcoma 2
bone m...
Article
Prostate cancer (summary)
This is a basic article for medical students and other non-radiologists
Prostate cancer, also called carcinoma of the prostate or prostate carcinoma, is the commonest malignant tumor in men. It is primarily a disease of old age and many men remain asymptomatic.
Reference article
This is a su...
Article
Sinonasal mucosal melanoma
Sinonasal mucosal melanoma (SNMM) is a very rare and unique subtype of malignant melanoma.
Epidemiology
Sinonasal mucosal melanomas account for ~1% of malignant melanomas and <4% of head and neck cancers 1,2. They affect older patients (60-90 years old) 2. There is a higher incidence in Japan ...
Article
Cervical incompetence
Cervical incompetence refers to a painless spontaneous dilatation of the cervix and is a common cause of second trimester pregnancy failure.
Epidemiology
The estimated incidence varies geographically and generally thought to be around 1-1.5% of all pregnancies 1,15.
Clinical presentation
Typ...
Article
Apical chest mass
Apical chest masses are often important and may be missed, especially when examined with a plain chest radiograph. It is always recommended to perform a targeted assessment of the apices of the lungs during a chest x-ray; they are one of the classic review areas.
Pathology
Etiology
Commonly a...
Article
Migratory pulmonary consolidation
Migratory pulmonary consolidation, also known as wandering pulmonary consolidation, refer to air space opacities that change in location over time, and are characteristic of a subset of lung diseases.
The differential diagnoses include:
organizing pneumonia 1
recurrent aspiration pneumonia
e...
Article
Gastrointestinal bleeding
Gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding refers to hemorrhage into the lumen of the gastrointestinal tract; it is commonly clinically subdivided into whether it occurs into the upper (proximal) or lower (distal) GI tract:
upper GI bleeding
bleeding proximal to the ligament of Treitz, i.e. proximal to t...
Article
Pulmonary hemorrhage complicating multifocal infection
Pulmonary hemorrhage complicating multifocal infection is one of the causes of diffuse pulmonary hemorrhage (and particularly diffuse alveolar hemorrhage). The type of infection can depend on immunocompetency status as well as presence of absence of concurrent vasculitic, connective tissue or co...
Article
Raymond V Damadian
Raymond V Damadian (1936-2022) was a pioneer in the field of MRI and inventor of one of the first MRI scanners.
Early life
Raymond Vahan Damadian was born on 16 March 1936 in Forest Hills, New York City and was a child prodigy. He studied violin at the Juilliard School of Music for eight years...
Article
Mirror image artifact
Mirror image artifact in sonography is seen when there is a highly reflective surface (e.g. diaphragm) in the path of the primary beam.
The primary beam reflects from such a surface (e.g. diaphragm) but instead of directly being received by the transducer, it encounters another structure (e.g. ...
Article
Radiation-induced liver disease
Radiation-induced liver disease (RILD), also known as radiation hepatitis, represents the toxic effect of radiation therapy on normal hepatocytes.
This article will discuss liver toxicity appearances after external beam radiotherapy techniques. Please refer to the dedicated article on selecti...
Article
Primary hepatic lymphoma
Primary hepatic lymphoma (PHL) is very rare, with approximately 100 described cases. If it is being considered as a diagnosis, distant lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly, bone marrow disease, and leukemia should not be present for at least 6 months after the liver tumor has been detected (see: second...
Article
Esophageal cancer (summary)
This is a basic article for medical students and other non-radiologists
Esophageal cancer is a relatively uncommon tumor that occurs within the esophagus of affected individuals. Patients present with symptoms of increasing dysphagia that progress from solid foods to liquids.
Reference article...
Article
Zygomaticomaxillary complex fracture
Zygomaticomaxillary complex (ZMC) fractures, also known as tripod, tetrapod, quadripod, malar or trimalar fractures, are seen in the setting of traumatic injury to the face. They comprise fractures of the:
zygomatic arch
inferior orbital rim, and anterior and posterior maxillary sinus walls
l...
Article
Pediatric lung lesions
Pulmonary lung lesions are a heterogeneous group of lung lesions:
Parenchymal hypoplasia
lung agenesis-hypoplasia complex
bronchial atresia
hypogenetic lung syndrome (Scimitar syndrome)
Cystic lesions
Pediatric cystic lung lesions:
congenital lobar overinflation
congenital cystic adenoma...