Dysplastic liver nodules

Last revised by Calum Worsley on 30 Apr 2024

Dysplastic liver nodules are focal nodular regions (≥1 mm) without definite evidence of malignancy.

They have been found in cirrhotic patients with a prevalence of 14% (size >1.0 cm) to 37% (size >0.5 cm) 2.

Dysplasia indicates:

  • nuclear atypia

  • increased fat or glycogen in the cluster of dysplastic cells

They are broadly divided depending on the presence of cytologic and architectural atypia 2,4:

Cirrhotic changes are present but the nodules may not be visualized on ultrasound. A few cases have shown hypo- and hyperechoic nodules and the echogenicity relates to the fat content in the nodule.

Usually hypoattenuating, however, they may be iso- or hyperattenuating to the hepatic parenchyma.

  • multiphase contrasted images: they may show early arterial uptake but the contrast does not wash out on delayed phase (unlike HCC)

  • T1: although the signal intensity may vary broadly, most of them have high T1 signal 

  • IP-OOP: shows fat accumulation characterized by signal drop on the out-of-phase sequence

  • T2: iso- to hypointense

  • DWI: no restricted diffusion

  • T1 C+ (Gd)

    • high-grade nodules show early contrast enhancement without washout on delayed phase

  • T2* C+ (SPIO)

    • low-grade nodules appear hypointense 13

They are considered premalignant and hence follow-up is necessary. Percutaneous ablation therapy can be considered 9.

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