Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
More than 200 results
Article
Inferior thyroid artery
The inferior thyroid artery is a branch of the thyrocervical trunk (85%) or subclavian artery (15%) and ascends to enter the thyroid gland on its posterior surface, as well as supplying both the superior and inferior parathyroid glands 1.
If the artery arises from the subclavian artery, it may ...
Article
Cerebrospinal fluid diversion (summary)
Cerebrospinal fluid diversion describes a situation where cerebrospinal fluid is diverted from its physiological pathway, generally, but not always, in cases of increased cerebrospinal fluid pressure.
Some of the commonly used shunts are:
third ventriculostomy
ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunts...
Article
Sigmoid volvulus
Sigmoid volvulus is a cause of large bowel obstruction and occurs when the sigmoid colon twists on its mesentery, the sigmoid mesocolon.
Epidemiology
Large bowel volvulus accounts for ~5% of all large bowel obstructions, with ~60% of intestinal volvulus involving the sigmoid colon 6. It is mor...
Article
Medical devices in the abdomen and pelvis
Medical devices in the abdomen and pelvis are important to be recognized, just like medical devices of the chest. We often ignore these devices, considering them to be incidental and non-pathological, however it is essential to be aware of potential complications.
Gastrointestinal devices
tube...
Article
Anatomical side marker
An anatomical side marker, also known as a side marker or orientation marker, is the label on a medical image denoting which side of the body it is.
Historically in radiography, the side marker was a physical marker placed by the radiographer at the side of the patient so that it would be captu...
Article
Bone infarction
Bone infarction is a term used to refer to osteonecrosis within the metaphysis or diaphysis of a bone. Necrosis is a type of cell death due to irreversible cell injury, which can be recognized microscopically by alterations in the cytoplasm (becomes eosinophilic) and in the nucleus (swelling, py...
Article
Lung hilum
The lung hila or roots are found on the medial aspect of each lung and transmit structures such as vessels and bronchi between the lung and mediastinum. The left and right lung roots are similar but not identical. The roots of the lung lie between T5 to T7 vertebrae 5.
The hilar point is a poin...
Article
Pulmonary emphysema
Pulmonary emphysema is defined as the "abnormal permanent enlargement of the airspaces distal to the terminal bronchioles accompanied by destruction of the alveolar wall 1. The criteria "absence of obvious fibrosis" may not be necessary because interstitial fibrosis may be present in cigarette s...
Article
Lumboperitoneal shunt
Lumboperitoneal (LP) shunts are a device used to shunt cerebrospinal fluid in the treatment of increased CSF pressure.
As the name suggests, a catheter is placed with its tip in the lumbar spinal canal (intrathecal). The distal catheter is tunneled under the skin and into the peritoneal cavity....
Article
Complications post optical colonoscopy
CT most commonly assesses complications post-optical colonoscopy if patients present with abdominal symptoms post-colonoscopy. Complications include:
bowel perforation (most common)
pneumoperitoneum
pneumoretroperitoneum
pneumomediastinum
pneumothorax
lower gastrointestinal hemorrhage
col...
Article
Colonic pseudo-obstruction
Colonic pseudo-obstruction, also known as Ogilvie syndrome, is a potentially fatal condition leading to an acute colonic distention without an underlying mechanical obstruction. It is defined as an acute pseudo-obstruction and dilatation of the colon in the absence of any mechanical obstruction....
Article
Wrist (clenched fist view)
The clenched fist view is an additional projection used to evaluate suspected widening of the scapholunate interval, often performed bilaterally it is a functional view that requires the patient to clench both hands.
Patient position
patient is seated in front of the table
both hands are pl...
Article
Overfitting
Overfitting is a problem in machine learning that introduces errors based on noise and meaningless data into prediction or classification. Overfitting tends to happen in cases where training data sets are either of insufficient size or training data sets include parameters and/or unrelated featu...
Article
Track vs tract
The terms track and tract are commonly mixed up in radiology and medicine (and often English more generally).
Track
In medicine a track refers to a passage formed as something passes through tissue. For example a needle track, the narrow channel formed as a needle is inserted into and withdra...
Article
CT stair-step artifact
The CT stair-step artifact is found in straight structures which are oriented obliquely with respect to movement of the table and appear around the edges of sagittal and coronal reformatted images when wide collimations and non-overlapping reconstruction intervals are used.
It is also seen in c...
Article
Paranasal sinuses retention cysts
Retention cysts of paranasal sinuses are common benign lesions usually discovered incidentally on a plain sinus radiograph or cross-sectional imaging of the head. They do not usually cause symptoms.
Terminology
They are also referred to as mucous retention cysts.
Epidemiology
It is difficul...
Article
Arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy diagnostic criteria
The 2020 international criteria (the Padua criteria) follows a two-step approach for the diagnosis of arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy. It includes identification of major and minor criteria that are satisfied for both left and right ventricle, and classification of ACM phenotype under one of three...
Article
Sugaya classification
The Sugaya classification is a 5-point system used to evaluate rotator cuff repair.
Usage
The Sugaya classification is the most common system used to evaulate rotator cuff repair 2 although intra- and inter-observer reproducibility is variable 3,4.
Classification
The Sugaya classification a...
Article
Placenta percreta
Placenta percreta is a term given to the most severe but least common form of the placenta accreta spectrum disorders, where there is a transmural extension of placental tissue across the myometrium with a serosal breach. It carries severe maternal as well as fetal risks.
The milder end of the ...
Article
Radical cystectomy
A radical cystectomy is a surgical treatment in patients most commonly indicated for patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer.
Indications
muscle-invasive bladder cancer 8
non-muscle invasive bladder cancer to local treatment (e.g. BCG therapy) 2,8
neurogenic or nonfunctioning bladder in...
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