Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
More than 200 results
Article
Brown adipose tissue
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) (also known as brown fat) is one of two types of adipose tissue (the other one being white fat) important for producing thermal energy (heat, non-shivering thermogenesis), especially in the newborn. It constitutes ~5% of body mass in the newborn and tends to reduce mar...
Article
Aliasing on MRI
Aliasing on MRI, also known as wrap-around, is a frequently encountered MRI artifact that occurs when the field of view (FOV) is smaller than the body part being imaged. The part of the body that lies beyond the edge of the FOV is projected onto the other side of the image 5.
This can be correc...
Article
Intravenous cannula
Intravenous (IV) cannulas are small, flexible tubes inserted into a vein to deliver fluids and medications or draw blood.
This article is focused on peripheral IV cannulas.
Technique
IV cannulas can be inserted "blindly" or under ultrasound guidance 4.
Device structure
Parts of intravenous ...
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Ultrasound-guided peripheral intravenous cannulation
Peripheral intravenous (IV) cannulation under ultrasound guidance is the placement of an IV cannula into a peripherally-located vein under the direct vision of ultrasound. This process allows the cannulation of veins that cannot be visualized or palpated without ultrasound. In trained individual...
Article
Celiac artery aneurysm
Celiac artery aneurysms are a form of visceral artery aneurysm and account for ~4% of such cases (the fourth most common visceral arterial aneurysm).
Clinical presentation
While some patients may have symptoms, they are usually asymptomatic and are incidentally discovered 10.
Pathology
Coael...
Article
Interarterial course of the right coronary artery
Interarterial course of the right coronary artery may occur if the right coronary artery (RCA) has an aberrant origin from the left coronary sinus. The interarterial course occurs because the artery passes between the ascending aorta and the pulmonary trunk 1-3.
It is an uncommon anatomic varia...
Article
Non-seminomatous germ cell tumors
Non-seminomatous germ cell tumors (NSGCTs) are one of the main groups of germ cell tumors (the other being seminoma). Although they are made up of distinct histological entities, in general, they have similar radiographic appearances. They can, however, be found widely in the body, with variable...
Article
Choriocarcinoma
Choriocarcinoma is an aggressive, highly vascular tumor. When it is associated with gestation, it is often considered part of the spectrum of gestational trophoblastic disease; it is then termed gestational choriocarcinoma. When it occurs in the absence of preceding gestation, it is termed non-g...
Article
Splenic artery pseudoaneurysm
Splenic artery pseudoaneurysms are rare and can arise from any portion of the splenic artery and its branches.
Clinical presentation
Unlike splenic artery true aneurysms, splenic artery pseudoaneurysms will nearly always present with symptoms 2. While their occurrence may be higher, fewer tha...
Article
Splenic artery aneurysm
Splenic artery aneurysms are the most common visceral arterial aneurysm formation as well as the third most common abdominal aneurysm (after the aorta and iliac vessels). Aneurysms are usually saccular in configuration and they can either be in the form of a true aneurysm (much more common) or a...
Article
T1 black holes
T1 black holes are hypointense lesions commonly seen on T1WI (Spinecho or TurboSpinecho, not T1 3D ref) in patients with multiple sclerosis and indicates the chronic stage with white matter destruction, axonal loss and irreversible clinical outcome.
Article
Left heart failure
Left heart failure or left ventricular failure is the type of heart failure attributed to left ventricular dysfunction. When the left ventricle is unable to pump blood effectively out of the heart, pulmonary edema develops. Congestion can progress to right heart failure, with manifestations such...
Article
Perianal fistula protocol (MRI)
MRI protocol for the assessment of perianal fistulas is a group of MRI sequences put together to assess the extension and anatomic relationships of inflammatory fistulas to the anal sphincters, helping to plan surgical management and monitor treatment response.
NB: This article is intended to ...
Article
Viking helmet appearance
The Viking helmet appearance refers to the morphology of the lateral ventricles in the coronal plane in patients with dysgenesis of the corpus callosum. The cingulate gyrus is everted into narrowed and elongated frontal horns.
An alternative name is moose head appearance. Other names include st...
Article
Moose head appearance
The moose head appearance refers to the lateral ventricles in coronal projection in patients with dysgenesis of the corpus callosum. The cingulate gyrus is everted into narrowed and elongated frontal horns.
An alternative name is the viking helmet sign. Other names include steer-horn, Texas lon...
Article
Dysgenesis of the corpus callosum
Dysgenesis of the corpus callosum may be complete (agenesis) or partial (dysgenesis) and represents an in utero developmental anomaly. It can be divided into:
primary agenesis: corpus callosum never forms
secondary dysgenesis: corpus callosum forms normally and is subsequently destroyed
Epide...
Article
Renal transplant torsion
Renal transplant torsion is a very rare complication of renal transplant, occurring mostly in intraperitoneal transplants because of the increased mobility compared to extraperitoneal transplants, which are less mobile.
Clinical presentation
Non-specific clinical symptoms such as nausea, abdo...
Article
Stroke protocol (CT)
A CT stroke protocol, often referred to as a code stroke CT, has become a fairly widespread and standardized approach to imaging patients presenting with acute neurological symptoms that may represent cerebral infarction or cerebral hemorrhage (together grouped under the vague term stroke).
In...
Article
Occipital sinus
The occipital sinus is one of the smallest dural venous sinuses and lies, as its name suggests, on the inner surface of the occipital bone. Tributaries from the marginal sinus of the foramen magnum, some of which connect with both the sigmoid sinus and vertebral venous plexus, coalesce to pass i...
Article
Gastroschisis
Gastroschisis refers to an extra-abdominal herniation (evisceration) of fetal or neonatal bowel loops (and occasionally portions of the stomach, liver, and/or bladder12) into the amniotic cavity through a para-umbilical anterior abdominal wall defect.
Epidemiology
The estimated incidence is ar...
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