Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
More than 200 results
Article
Effective dose
The effective dose (E) is a hypothetical equivalent dose uniformly applied to the whole body, which would result in the same health detriment through stochastic effects as the partial-body exposition being considered. It is calculated by summating the equivalent doses (HT) delivered to the irrad...
Article
Iliotibial band
The iliotibial band (ITB) or tract is a thick band of fascia along the lateral aspect of the thigh.
Gross anatomy
The ITB is a thickening in the fascia lata. Superiorly, it splits to enclose and anchor the aponeurosis of tensor fasciae latae and posteriorly most of the tendon of gluteus maximu...
Article
Müllerian duct anomalies
Müllerian duct anomalies (MDAs) are congenital abnormalities that occur when the Müllerian ducts (paramesonephric ducts) do not develop correctly. This may be due to complete agenesis, defective vertical or lateral fusion, or resorption failure.
Epidemiology
MDAs are estimated to occur in 1-5%...
Article
AFS classification of Müllerian anomalies
The American Fertility Society (AFS) classification of Müllerian anomalies is a seven-class system published in 1988, which is used to describe several embryonic Müllerian duct anomalies.
The American Fertility Society is now known as the American Society of Reproductive Medicine (ASRM), and th...
Article
WHO classification of breast tumors (5th ed.)
The WHO classification of breast tumors is the most widely used pathologic classification system for such disorders. This classification was last revised in 2019 with the publication of the 5th edition 1.
Classification
Epithelial tumors of the breast
benign epithelial proliferation and prec...
Article
CT stair-step artifact
The CT stair-step artifact is found in straight structures which are oriented obliquely with respect to movement of the table and appear around the edges of sagittal and coronal reformatted images when wide collimations and non-overlapping reconstruction intervals are used.
It is also seen in c...
Article
Pleural effusion
Pleural effusions are abnormal accumulations of fluid within the pleural space. They may result from a variety of pathological processes which overwhelm the pleura's ability to reabsorb fluid.
Terminology
"Pleural effusion" is commonly used as a catch-all term to describe any abnormal accumula...
Article
Accessory iliotibial band-meniscal ligament
Accessory iliotibial band-meniscal ligament (AIML) is a fibrous connection between the iliotibial band and anterolateral aspect of the lateral meniscus 1.
At least five distal insertions of the iliotibial tract about the knee have been described 2-4, but the accessory iliotibial band-meniscal l...
Article
Tissue weighting factor
The tissue weighting factor (WT) is a measure of relative contribution of an organ or tissue to the total health detriment due to stochastic effects resulting from a uniform irradiation of the entire body 1. It accounts for the variable sensitivity to ionizing radiation and size of a given organ...
Article
Gray (SI unit)
The gray (symbol Gy) is the SI unit of absorbed dose. It is defined as the absorption of one joule of energy originating from ionizing radiation per kilogram of matter 1,2, i.e. Gy = 1 J/kg.
Terminology
One gray is a large unit and is usually used with a prefix, e.g. milligray (mGy), microgray...
Article
Rem (unit)
The rem (an acronym for roentgen equivalent man) was the cgs unit of effective dose and was officially replaced by the sievert many years ago (1 Sv = 100 rem) 1.
One rem was a large quantity of radiation, and therefore for practical day to day use the millirem (mrem), representing one-thousand...
Article
Sievert (SI unit)
The sievert (symbol Sv) is the SI unit of equivalent dose and effective dose. It is dimensionally equivalent to one joule per kilogram 1.
Although sievert and gray (Gy) are dimensionally equivalent SI units of dose, they cannot be used interchangeably. Sievert is applicable only in context of r...
Article
Impending testicular infarction
Impending testicular infarction is a rare complication of epididymo-orchitis which can be diagnosed by absence or reversal of diastolic flow in intra-testicular arteries 1,2.
Clinical presentation
Patients may present with worsening of symptoms of epididymo-orchitis despite proper treatment.
...
Article
Traumatic posterior fossa subdural hematoma in neonates
Traumatic posterior fossa subdural hematoma (TPFSH) in neonates is a traumatic complication at birth. It is extremely rare. Although traumatic posterior fossa subdural hematoma is a very rare condition, it is clinically critical as it may compress the ventricular system or the brainstem and can ...
Article
Crawford and Schorry classification of congenital tibial dysplasia
The Crawford and Schorry classification, sometimes referred to simply as the Crawford classification, is used to describe congenital tibial dysplasia.
Usage
The Crawford and Schorry classification is mostly descriptive and does not offer much guidance on the treatment of the condition 1-3.
Cl...
Article
Crawford classification (disambiguation)
There are two distinct and unrelated classification systems which are commonly referred to as the Crawford classification:
Crawford classification thoracoabdominal aneurysms
Crawford (and Schorry) classification of congenital tibial dysplasia
Article
Cardiac ischemia protocol (MRI)
The cardiac MRI ischemia or stress protocol encompasses a set of different MRI sequences for the assessment of myocardial ischemia.
Note: This article aims to frame a general concept of a cardiac MRI protocol in the setting of vasodilator stress perfusion testing.
Protocol specifics will vary ...
Article
Ganglioneuroma
Ganglioneuromas are fully differentiated neuronal tumors that do not contain immature elements and potentially occur anywhere along with the peripheral autonomic ganglion sites.
On imaging, usually, they present as well-defined solid masses and can be quite large at presentation. Generally, th...
Article
Video
Video files are useful in a very limited number of situations, but should not be used for routine stacks of scrollable images (such as CT or MRI).
When to use video
Rarely is video mandatory, but some studies do benefit from this. The reasons to use video include:
ultrasound cine clips
car...
Article
Buffalo hump
A buffalo hump describes lipomatosis of the posterior neck and interscapular region. It may be idiopathic or caused by a variety of underlying medical conditions:
idiopathic
Cushing syndrome 1
Cushing disease
steroid therapy
HIV-associated lipodystrophy 2
Madelung disease (usually in the s...
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