Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
More than 200 results
Article
Occipital sinus
The occipital sinus is one of the smallest dural venous sinuses and lies, as its name suggests, on the inner surface of the occipital bone. Tributaries from the marginal sinus of the foramen magnum, some of which connect with both the sigmoid sinus and vertebral venous plexus, coalesce to pass i...
Article
Stroke protocol (CT)
A CT stroke protocol, often referred to as a code stroke CT, has become a fairly widespread and standardized approach to imaging patients presenting with acute neurological symptoms that may represent cerebral infarction or cerebral hemorrhage (together grouped under the vague term stroke).
In...
Article
Gastroschisis
Gastroschisis refers to an extra-abdominal herniation (evisceration) of fetal or neonatal bowel loops (and occasionally portions of the stomach, liver, and/or bladder12) into the amniotic cavity through a para-umbilical anterior abdominal wall defect.
Epidemiology
The estimated incidence is ar...
Article
Infantile hepatic hemangioma
Infantile hepatic hemangiomas (IHH) are liver lesions composed of large endothelial-lined vascular channels seen in fetuses and neonates. They are not to be confused with hepatic epithelioid hemangioendothelioma, which occurs in older patients.
Terminology
These benign tumors were previously r...
Article
Epipericardial fat necrosis
Epipericardial fat necrosis (also sometimes purely categorized as pericardial fat necrosis or epicardial fat necrosis) is a rare self-limiting cause of acute pleuritic pain in an otherwise healthy individual, without fever or cough. It occurs external to the pericardium.
Clinical presentation
...
Article
Saccular cerebral aneurysm
Saccular cerebral aneurysms, also known as berry aneurysms, are intracranial aneurysms with a characteristic rounded shape. They account for the vast majority of intracranial aneurysms and are the most common cause of non-traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage.
Terminology
Those larger than 25 mm i...
Article
Choroid plexus papilloma
Choroid plexus papillomas are an uncommon, benign (WHO grade 1) neuroepithelial intraventricular tumor, which can occur in both the pediatric (more common) and adult population.
On imaging, these tumors are usually identified in the fourth ventricle in adults and in the lateral ventricles in t...
Article
Primary uveal malignant melanoma
Malignant uveal melanomas, also referred to as choroidal melanomas, are the most common primary tumor of the adult eye 3.
Epidemiology
Malignant melanoma of the uvea is the most common primary intraocular malignancy and is predominantly seen in the White population 5. The incidence of these t...
Article
F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose
F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) is the most common PET radiotracer.
Structure
The radiopharmaceutical consists of the fluorine-18 radionuclide substituting the hydroxyl group at the C-2 position of glucose. The IUPAC chemical name is 2-deoxy-2-[F-18]fluoroglucose.
Production
F-18 fluoride ion ...
Article
Pediatric liver tumor staging (PRETEXT grouping system)
The PRETEXT system proposed by the International Childhood Liver Tumors Strategy Group (previously called Société Internationale d’Oncologie Pédiatrique - Epithelial Liver Tumor Study Group - SIOPEL) aims for staging and risk stratification of liver tumors at diagnosis.
It is used to describe ...
Article
Thoracic splanchnic nerves
The thoracic splanchnic nerves are three paired autonomic nerves that provide sympathetic innervation of the abdominopelvic viscera and vessels. They contain efferent and afferent fibers.
Gross anatomy
Three pairs of thoracic splanchnic nerves arise from the T5 to T12 sympathetic ganglia.
Gre...
Article
Contrast agent pooling sign
The contrast agent pooling sign refers to dependent contrast agent pooling in systemic veins. The original paper found a high incidence on contrast CTs performed on emergency department patients who had a cardiac arrest within the following hour 1. Pooling is promoted by high injection rates and...
Article
Lateral patellar dislocation
Lateral patellar dislocation refers to lateral displacement followed by dislocation of the patella due to disruptive changes to the medial patellar retinaculum.
Epidemiology
Patellar dislocation accounts for ~3% of all knee injuries and is commonly seen in those individuals who participate in ...
Article
Accessory iliotibial band-meniscal ligament
Accessory iliotibial band-meniscal ligament (AIML) is a fibrous connection between the iliotibial band and anterolateral aspect of the lateral meniscus 1.
At least five distal insertions of the iliotibial tract about the knee have been described 2-4, but the accessory iliotibial band-meniscal l...
Article
Trochlear dysplasia
Trochlear dysplasia is a morphological deformity of the femoral trochlea and a known association with patellofemoral instability.
Epidemiology
The reported prevalence of trochlear dysplasia in recurrent patellar dislocations is ~80% (range 74-85%) 1,15. The latter is most common in the adolesc...
Article
Sympathetic nervous system
The sympathetic nervous system (SNS), mediated by the sympathetic chain (trunk) and ganglia, is a major division of the autonomic nervous system. It is composed of general visceral afferent and efferent axons that allow for involuntary control of bodily functions via the hypothalamus.
The over...
Article
Esophageal-pleural stripe
The esophageal-pleural stripe is a soft tissue interface formed between the right wall of the esophagus and the medial wall of the right pleura, projecting from the level of clavicles downwards until the gastro-esophageal junction 1.
Although the esophageal-pleural stripe can be used in most pa...
Article
Lung hilum
The lung hila or roots are found on the medial aspect of each lung and transmit structures such as vessels and bronchi between the lung and mediastinum. The left and right lung roots are similar but not identical. The roots of the lung lie between T5 to T7 vertebrae 5.
The hilar point is a poin...
Article
Inferior vena caval contrast reflux
Reflux of contrast into inferior vena cava can be a common finding seen on CT imaging. It is considered a specific but insensitive sign of right-sided heart disease / right heart dysfunction at low contrast injection rates, although the usefulness decreases with high injection rates.
Conditions...
Article
Hemophilia
Hemophilia is an inherited bleeding disorder that is mainly X-linked recessive and therefore occurs almost exclusively in males. There are two main subtypes: hemophilia A (80%) and hemophilia B (20%).
Epidemiology
The incidence of hemophilia A is around 1 in 5000 male births, and the incidenc...
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