Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
More than 200 results
Article
Arthrogram (MRI)
An MR arthrogram is an MRI performed after a joint is injected with a solution containing gadolinium. Sometimes abbreviated to MRA, which can be confused with MR angiography. MRI can also be performed after an injection is not directly administered into the joint, via an indirect arthrogram. An ...
Article
Applying to Radiology training in the United Kingdom
Applying to radiology training in the United Kingdom (UK) is through a centralised process for England, Scotland and Wales on Oriel. Northern Ireland's radiology training recruitment remains a separate process.
Applications are open to those completing or completing their Foundation Training or...
Article
Scaphoid fracture
Scaphoid fractures (i.e. fractures through the scaphoid bone) are common, in some instances can be difficult to diagnose, and can result in significant functional impairment.
Epidemiology
Scaphoid fractures account for 70-80% of all carpal bone fractures 1. Although they occur essentially at a...
Article
Hook of hamate fracture
Hook of hamate fractures (also sometimes termed type 1 hamate fractures) are rare. They are a form of hamate fractures and occur from the hamate fracturing after blunt trauma, falls, and in sports players (e.g. golf, baseball, racquet sports) from a direct blow while swinging. Stress fractures h...
Article
Hydrosalpinx
Hydrosalpinx is a descriptive term and refers to a fluid-filled dilatation of the fallopian tube. If the fluid is infected, i.e. pus, then it is a pyosalpinx; if bloody, then hematosalpinx.
Clinical presentation
Patients may be asymptomatic or may present with pelvic pain or infertility.
Path...
Article
Perilymphatic fistula
A perilymphatic fistula (also known as a perilymph fistula or labyrinthine fistula) is a pathologic communication between the fluid-filled space of the inner ear and the air-filled space of the middle ear, most commonly occurring at either the round or oval window.
Clinical presentation
Althou...
Article
Intercostal lung hernia
An intercostal lung hernia is a form of lung herniation and is defined as a protrusion of pulmonary tissue and pleural membranes beyond the confines of the thoracic cavity through an intercostal defect/opening in the chest wall.
Epidemiology
Intercostal lung herniations are considered the com...
Article
Esophageal carcinoma
Esophageal carcinoma is globally the 7th most common cancer and 6th most common cause of cancer-related death as per NCCN version 3.2023. It tends to present with increasing dysphagia, initially to solids and progressing to liquids as the tumor increases in size, obstructing the lumen of the eso...
Article
Ganglion cysts of the hand and wrist
Ganglion cysts are the most common mass-like lesions of the hand and wrist.
Epidemiology
They are the most common soft-tissue tumors of the hand and occur most frequently in the age group of 20-40 years. Women are more commonly affected 1-3.
Risk factors
Ganglion cysts of the hand and wrists...
Article
Bronchiectasis
Bronchiectasis is irreversible dilatation of the bronchial tree, and is commonly accompanied by bronchial wall thickening and mucoid impaction 25.
Terminology
If reversibility is uncertain use the term “bronchial dilatation” 25.
The term bronchiolectasis refers to irreversible dilatation of d...
Article
Inferior thyroid artery
The inferior thyroid artery is a branch of the thyrocervical trunk (85%) or subclavian artery (15%) and ascends to enter the thyroid gland on its posterior surface, as well as supplying both the superior and inferior parathyroid glands 1.
If the artery arises from the subclavian artery, it may ...
Article
Cerebrospinal fluid diversion (summary)
Cerebrospinal fluid diversion describes a situation where cerebrospinal fluid is diverted from its physiological pathway, generally, but not always, in cases of increased cerebrospinal fluid pressure.
Some of the commonly used shunts are:
third ventriculostomy
ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunts...
Article
Sigmoid volvulus
Sigmoid volvulus is a cause of large bowel obstruction and occurs when the sigmoid colon twists on its mesentery, the sigmoid mesocolon.
Epidemiology
Large bowel volvulus accounts for ~5% of all large bowel obstructions, with ~60% of intestinal volvulus involving the sigmoid colon 6. It is mor...
Article
Medical devices in the abdomen and pelvis
Medical devices in the abdomen and pelvis are important to be recognized, just like medical devices of the chest. We often ignore these devices, considering them to be incidental and non-pathological, however it is essential to be aware of potential complications.
Gastrointestinal devices
tube...
Article
Anatomical side marker
An anatomical side marker, also known as a side marker or orientation marker, is the label on a medical image denoting which side of the body it is.
Historically in radiography, the side marker was a physical marker placed by the radiographer at the side of the patient so that it would be captu...
Article
Bone infarction
Bone infarction is a term used to refer to osteonecrosis within the metaphysis or diaphysis of a bone. Necrosis is a type of cell death due to irreversible cell injury, which can be recognized microscopically by alterations in the cytoplasm (becomes eosinophilic) and in the nucleus (swelling, py...
Article
Lung hilum
The lung hila or roots are found on the medial aspect of each lung and transmit structures such as vessels and bronchi between the lung and mediastinum. The left and right lung roots are similar but not identical. The roots of the lung lie between T5 to T7 vertebrae 5.
The hilar point is a poin...
Article
Pulmonary emphysema
Pulmonary emphysema is defined as the "abnormal permanent enlargement of the airspaces distal to the terminal bronchioles accompanied by destruction of the alveolar wall 1. The criteria "absence of obvious fibrosis" may not be necessary because interstitial fibrosis may be present in cigarette s...
Article
Lumboperitoneal shunt
Lumboperitoneal (LP) shunts are a device used to shunt cerebrospinal fluid in the treatment of increased CSF pressure.
As the name suggests, a catheter is placed with its tip in the lumbar spinal canal (intrathecal). The distal catheter is tunneled under the skin and into the peritoneal cavity....
Article
Complications post optical colonoscopy
CT most commonly assesses complications post-optical colonoscopy if patients present with abdominal symptoms post-colonoscopy. Complications include:
bowel perforation (most common)
pneumoperitoneum
pneumoretroperitoneum
pneumomediastinum
pneumothorax
lower gastrointestinal hemorrhage
col...
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