Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
More than 200 results
Article
Radical cystectomy
A radical cystectomy is a surgical treatment in patients most commonly indicated for patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer.
Indications
muscle-invasive bladder cancer 8
non-muscle invasive bladder cancer to local treatment (e.g. BCG therapy) 2,8
neurogenic or nonfunctioning bladder in...
Article
Idiopathic intracranial hypertension
Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH), also known as pseudotumor cerebri, is a syndrome with signs and symptoms of increased intracranial pressure but where a causative mass or hydrocephalus is not identified.
Terminology
The older term benign intracranial hypertension is generally frowne...
Article
Papilledema
Papilledema refers to swelling of the optic disc related to increased intracranial pressure.
Terminology
Care must be taken to not use the term papilledema for all causes of optic nerve head elevation. Although papilledema literally means swelling of the optic disc (nerve head/papilla), in oph...
Article
T1 black holes
T1 black holes are hypointense lesions commonly seen on T1WI (Spinecho or TurboSpinecho, not T1 3D) in patients with multiple sclerosis and indicates the chronic stage with white matter destruction, axonal loss and irreversible clinical outcome.
Treatment and prognosis
There is a correlation b...
Article
Lung hilum
The lung hila or roots are found on the medial aspect of each lung and transmit structures such as vessels and bronchi between the lung and mediastinum. The left and right lung roots are similar but not identical. The roots of the lung lie between T5 to T7 vertebrae 5.
The hilar point is a poin...
Article
Pulmonary emphysema
Pulmonary emphysema is defined as the "abnormal permanent enlargement of the airspaces distal to the terminal bronchioles accompanied by destruction of the alveolar wall 1. The criteria "absence of obvious fibrosis" may not be necessary because interstitial fibrosis may be present in cigarette s...
Article
Pylephlebitis
Pylephlebitis, also known as ascending septic thrombophlebitis, is a thrombotic occlusion of the portal vein or its branches secondary to infection in regions that drain to the portal venous system.
Clinical presentation
Clinical presentation is often vague. Patients may initially present with...
Article
Cases
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Our editorial board will select excellent cases to be featured on the Radiopaedia ...
Article
Anomalous course of coronary arteries
Anomalous course of a coronary artery is a type of congenital coronary artery anomaly. It may represent a benign and incidental finding, but rarely it is a malignant course predisposing patients to life-threatening myocardial ischemia or arrhythmias, depending on where the artery runs.
Clinica...
Article
Interarterial course of the right coronary artery
Interarterial course of the right coronary artery may occur if the right coronary artery (RCA) has an aberrant origin from the left coronary sinus. The interarterial course occurs because the artery passes between the ascending aorta and the pulmonary trunk 1-3.
It is an uncommon anatomic varia...
Article
Chiari malformations
Chiari malformations are a group of structural conditions characterized by congenital caudal 'displacement' of the cerebellar tonsils below the foramen magnum, often with associated caudal displacement of brainstem.
Terminology
The description of 'malformation' may not be accurate for Chiari 0...
Article
Tarlov cyst
Tarlov cysts, also called perineural cysts, are CSF-filled dilatations of the nerve root sheath at the dorsal root ganglion (posterior nerve root sheath). These are type II spinal meningeal cysts that are, by definition, extradural but contain neural tissue.
Most Tarlov cysts are asymptomatic, ...
Article
Pleural effusion
Pleural effusions are abnormal accumulations of fluid within the pleural space. They may result from a variety of pathological processes which overwhelm the pleura's ability to reabsorb fluid.
Terminology
"Pleural effusion" is commonly used as a catch-all term to describe any abnormal accumula...
Article
Effective dose
The effective dose (E) is a hypothetical equivalent dose uniformly applied to the whole body, which would result in the same health detriment through stochastic effects as the partial-body exposition being considered. It is calculated by summating the equivalent doses (HT) delivered to the irrad...
Article
Iliotibial band
The iliotibial band (ITB) or tract is a thick band of fascia along the lateral aspect of the thigh.
Gross anatomy
The ITB is a thickening in the fascia lata. Superiorly, it splits to enclose and anchor the aponeurosis of tensor fasciae latae and posteriorly most of the tendon of gluteus maximu...
Article
Müllerian duct anomalies
Müllerian duct anomalies (MDAs) are congenital abnormalities that occur when the Müllerian ducts (paramesonephric ducts) do not develop correctly. This may be due to complete agenesis, defective vertical or lateral fusion, or resorption failure.
Epidemiology
MDAs are estimated to occur in 1-5%...
Article
AFS classification of Müllerian anomalies
The American Fertility Society (AFS) classification of Müllerian anomalies is a seven-class system published in 1988, which is used to describe several embryonic Müllerian duct anomalies.
The American Fertility Society is now known as the American Society of Reproductive Medicine (ASRM), and th...
Article
WHO classification of breast tumors (5th ed.)
The WHO classification of breast tumors is the most widely used pathologic classification system for such disorders. This classification was last revised in 2019 with the publication of the 5th edition 1.
Classification
Epithelial tumors of the breast
benign epithelial proliferation and prec...
Article
CT stair-step artifact
The CT stair-step artifact is found in straight structures which are oriented obliquely with respect to movement of the table and appear around the edges of sagittal and coronal reformatted images when wide collimations and non-overlapping reconstruction intervals are used.
It is also seen in c...
Article
Accessory iliotibial band-meniscal ligament
Accessory iliotibial band-meniscal ligament (AIML) is a fibrous connection between the iliotibial band and anterolateral aspect of the lateral meniscus 1.
At least five distal insertions of the iliotibial tract about the knee have been described 2-4, but the accessory iliotibial band-meniscal l...
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